Ancient Rome and Early Christianity 500 B C
Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B. C. – A. D. 500 CHAPTER 6 Chapter Overview Time Line MAP GRAPH SECTION 1 The Romans Create a Republic SECTION 2 The Roman Empire Brings Change SECTION 3 The Rise of Christianity SECTION 4 The Decline of the Roman Empire SECTION 5 Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization Visual Summary QUIT
CHAPTER 6 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B. C. – A. D. 500 Chapter Overview Rome becomes the center of an empire, which aids in the spread of Christianity. Eventually the Western Empire falls, while the Eastern Empire remains. The Greco. Roman culture helps shape Western thought and culture for centuries. HOME
CHAPTER 6 HOME Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B. C. – A. D. 500 Time Line 509 B. C. Rome becomes a republic. 218 B. C. In the Second Punic War, Hannibal invades Italy. 284 Diocletian, who will divide the Roman Empire, becomes emperor. A. D. 500 B. C. A. D. 264 B. C. The First Punic War with Carthage begins. 44 B. C. Conspirators kill Julius Caesar. 500 476 Western Roman Empire falls with the ouster of the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus. A. D.
1 HOME The Romans Create a Republic Key Idea The early Romans establish a republic on the Italian peninsula, conquer all of Italy, and defeat Carthage in a series of wars. The Romans create an extensive trade network. Overview Assessment
1 HOME The Romans Create a Republic TERMS & NAMES Overview • republic • patrician MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW • plebeian The early Romans established a republic, which grew powerful and spread its influence. Some of the most fundamental values and institutions of Western civilization began in the Roman Republic. • tribune • consul • senate • dictator • legion • Hannibal • Scipio Assessment
1 HOME The Romans Create a Republic Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main events that mark the growth of Rome into a powerful republic. 509 B. C. 451 B. C. Twelve Tables created. Romans overthrow Etruscan king. Republic established. 265 B. C. Italy conquered. 264 -146 B. C. Punic Wars fought. 70 B. C. Rome controlled the Mediterranean. continued. . .
1 HOME The Romans Create a Republic Section 1 Assessment 2. Do you think the Roman Republic owed its success more to its form of government or to its army? Why? THINK ABOUT • the structure of the republic • how citizenship spread • Rome’s policies toward conquered peoples ANSWER Possible Response: The army’s conquests expanded the territory of Rome, which increased Rome’s power and wealth. However, the republic that Rome established gave it a stability that allowed it to grow by absorbing conquered peoples or making them allies. continued. . .
1 HOME The Romans Create a Republic Section 1 Assessment 3. How did the office of dictator contribute to the balance and stability of the Roman Republic? THINK ABOUT • the role of the dictator • the power of consuls • the need for speedy decisions in a crisis ANSWER Possible Response: A dictator could make the speedy decisions needed in a crisis, whereas the consuls could veto each other’s decisions, and the senate and assembly might take too long to make critical decisions. End of Section 1
2 HOME The Roman Empire Brings Change MAP Key Idea Problems in the republic lead to civil war. The republic collapses, and Julius Caesar becomes dictator. After Caesar’s assassination, Octavian emerges as Rome’s first emperor. Overview Assessment
2 HOME The Roman Empire Brings Change MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • civil war • Julius Caesar MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW • triumvirate The creation of the Roman Empire transformed Roman government, society, economy, and culture. The Roman Empire has served throughout history as a model of political organization and control. • absolute ruler • Augustus • Pax Romana • gladiator Assessment
2 HOME The Roman Empire Brings Change MAP Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain how Rome changed during the Pax Romana. Changes in Rome • • • Rome becomes an empire with one ruler. Civil service system established. Empire expands. Roman way of life extends to the provinces. Roman trade reaches India and China. Road network increases trade. Women have more freedom. Religions of southwestern Asia become influential. Gap between rich and poor increases. continued. . .
2 HOME The Roman Empire Brings Change MAP Section 2 Assessment 2. What role did Julius Caesar play in the decline of the republic and the rise of the empire? THINK ABOUT • the problems facing the republic • how Caesar helped restore order • Caesar’s defiance of the senate • Caesar’s rule as dictator ANSWER Possible Response: Caesar helped restore order, then seized power. His occupation of Rome and his rule as dictator effectively ended the republic. End of Section 2
3 HOME The Rise of Christianity Key Idea Christianity begins with the teachings of Jesus in Judea. The new religion spreads quickly throughout the empire. Overview Assessment
3 HOME The Rise of Christianity TERMS & NAMES Overview • Jesus MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Christianity arose in Roman-occupied Judea and spread throughout the Roman Empire. As the world’s most widespread religion, Christianity guides the lives of millions today. • apostle • Peter • Paul • Diaspora • bishop • pope • Constantine • heresy Assessment
3 HOME The Rise of Christianity Section 3 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe five events that led to the spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. Rome takes over Jewish kingdom. Jesus gathers many followers. Paul and other missionaries spread Jesus’ message. Constantine issues Edict of Milan. Theodosius makes Christianity the empire’s official religion. continued. . .
3 HOME The Rise of Christianity Section 3 Assessment 2. Do you think Christianity would have developed in the same way if it had arisen in an area outside the Roman Empire? Explain. THINK ABOUT • Jesus’ growing popularity • the effect of actions Rome took against Jesus and his followers • the depth of belief of Jesus’ followers • the advantages of being part of a vast empire ANSWER Possible Responses: • No. Christianity would have grown more slowly outside the empire. • Yes. It would have spread just as fast or faster without Roman persecutions. continued. . .
3 HOME The Rise of Christianity Section 3 Assessment 3. Who do you think did more to spread Christianity— Paul or Constantine? THINK ABOUT • Paul’s travels • the opening of Christianity to the Gentiles • Constantine’s power as an emperor ANSWER Possible Responses: • Paul did more to spread Christianity because he carried it throughout the empire and welcomed Gentiles. • Constantine did more because he accepted Christianity and ended the persecution. End of Section 3
4 HOME The Decline of the Roman Empire Key Idea The Roman Empire splits in two. Economic, military, and political decay and outside invaders bring down the Western Roman Empire, but the eastern half survives. Overview Assessment
4 HOME The Decline of the Roman Empire TERMS & NAMES Overview • inflation MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Internal problems and nomadic invasions spurred the division and decline of the Roman empire. The decline and fall of great civilizations is a repeating pattern in world history. • mercenary • Diocletian • Constantinople • Alaric • Attila Assessment
4 HOME The Decline of the Roman Empire Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the causes of each of the effects listed below. Decline of the Roman Empire Effects Causes Inflation Gold and silver squandered; coins worth less Untrustworthy army Soldiers fought for money. Decreased citizen interest in government Citizens had little influence; officials burdened with debts. The empire couldn’t maintain its defenses; army was weakened. continued. . .
4 HOME The Decline of the Roman Empire Section 4 Assessment 2. How do you think the splitting of the empire into two parts helped it survive for another 200 years? THINK ABOUT • the differences between the eastern and western halves of the empire • the advantages of a smaller empire ANSWER Possible Response: The wealthier eastern half included most of the empire’s great cities and trading centers. By creating a smaller area that was easier to defend, Constantine was able to preserve the empire for another 200 years. End of Section 4
5 HOME Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization GRAPH Key Idea Greco-Roman culture continues to influence the arts, science and technology, government, and legal systems of the Western world and other parts of the globe. Overview Assessment
5 HOME Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • Greco-Roman culture MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Romans developed many ideas and institutions that became fundamental to Western civilization. Evidence of Roman culture is found throughout Europe and North America and in Asia and Africa. Assessment • Pompeii • Virgil • Tacitus • aqueduct
HOME Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization 5 GRAPH Section 5 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each of the categories below, list the accomplishments of Roman culture. Fine Arts Realistic sculpture, murals, mosaics Literature Histories, Virgil’s Aeneid, Ovid’s Amores, Tacitus’s Annals and Histories Engineering Arch, dome, aqueduct, roads Law Equal treatment before the law, innocent until proven guilty, burden of proof on the accuser, unfair laws set aside continued. . .
5 Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization HOME GRAPH Section 5 Assessment 2. Which principle of law do you think has been Rome’s greatest contribution to modern legal systems? THINK ABOUT • equality before the law • innocent until proven guilty • unfair laws could be set aside ANSWER Possible Responses: • Equal treatment before the law because it erases class differences. • Innocent until proven guilty because there can be no punishment without conviction. • Unfair laws can be set aside because bad laws can be changed. continued. . .
5 Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization HOME GRAPH Section 5 Assessment 3. Why do you think the Greek philosophy of Stoicism was so appealing to Romans? THINK ABOUT • Stoic philosophy • the Roman citizen-soldier • Roman law ANSWER Possible Response: Stoicism emphasized virtue, duty, and endurance, qualities that would appeal to the citizen-soldier. Also, Stoics believed that human laws should be reasonable and just, concepts that influenced Roman legal systems. End of Section 5
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