Ancient Greek for Everyone A New Digital Resource

Ancient Greek for Everyone: A New Digital Resource for Beginning Greek Unit 8 part 2: 1 st and 2 nd Declension Nouns 2013 edition Wilfred E. Major wmajor@lsu. edu

Ancient Greek for Everyone This class: AGE Unit 8 part 2 1 st and 2 nd Declension Greek Nouns • In Unit 3, you learned the basics of Greek nouns. • This Unit completes the presentation of the common types of nouns. • This second part presents the last two classes of Greek nouns.

Ancient Greek for Everyone From Unit 3: Review the forms of the definite article: • • Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Singular ὁ ἡ τό τοῦ τῆς τοῦ τῷ τῇ τῷ τόν τήν τό Plural οἱ αἱ τά τῶν τοῖς ταῖς τούς τά

Ancient Greek for Everyone The Declensions of Greek Nouns • In formal grammar, Greek nouns are classified by the last sound of their stems, which may in turn contract with the case endings. • There are traditionally three of these classes, called “declensions. ” • All the nouns you have learned so far belong to the “Third Declension. ” • This section presents the other two Declensions.

Ancient Greek for Everyone New: The First Declension • This unit adds nouns of the First Declension. • Most nouns in this declension are feminine and use the same endings as the feminine definite article.

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Classical • • • ἀνάγκη -ης ἡ necessity ἀρετή -ῆς ἡ excellence ἀρχή -ῆς ἡ beginning, authority, office βουλή -ῆς ἡ council, plan, advice γῆ γῆς ἡ earth γνώμη -ης ἡ idea, intelligence, opinion γραφή -ῆς ἡ drawing, writing, indictment δίκη -ης ἡ justice; legal case εἰρήνη -ης ἡ peace ἐπιστήμη -ης ἡ knowledge

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Classical • • • ἡδονή -ῆς ἡ pleasure, enjoyment κεφαλή -ῆς ἡ head μάχη -ης ἡ battle νίκη -ης ἡ victory τέχνη -ης ἡ art, skill τιμή -ῆς ἡ value, honor τροφή -ῆς ἡ nourishment, food τύχη -ης ἡ luck, fate φωνή -ῆς ἡ sound, voice ψυχή -ῆς ἡ breath, soul

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • • • ἀρχή -ῆς ἡ beginning, authority, office γῆ γῆς ἡ earth γραφή -ῆς ἡ drawing, writing, indictment διαθήκη -ης ἡ covenant δικαιοσύνη -ης ἡ justice εἰρήνη -ης ἡ peace ἐντολή -ῆς ἡ commandment ζωή -ῆς ἡ life κεφαλή -ῆς ἡ head

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • • • ὀργή -ῆς ἡ anger παραβολή -ῆς ἡ parable περιτομή -ῆς ἡ circumcision προσευχή -ῆς ἡ prayer τιμή -ῆς ἡ value, honor ὑπομονή -ῆς ἡ perseverance φυλακή -ῆς ἡ prison, guard, night watch φυλή -ῆς ἡ tribe φωνή -ῆς ἡ sound, voice ψυχή -ῆς ἡ breath, soul

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Core • • ἀρχή -ῆς ἡ beginning, authority, office γῆ γῆς ἡ earth γραφή -ῆς ἡ drawing, writing, indictment εἰρήνη -ης ἡ peace κεφαλή -ῆς ἡ head τιμή -ῆς ἡ value, honor φωνή -ῆς ἡ sound, voice ψυχή -ῆς ἡ breath, soul

Ancient Greek for Everyone New: The First Declension • This unit adds nouns of the First Declension. • In Attic and Koine Greek, when a first declension noun has a stem ending in -ε, -ι or -ρ, the singular forms change the -η- to -ᾱ-. This change has no meaning. It is just a shift in pronunciation (and consequently spelling).

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Classical • • • αἰτία -ας ἡ cause, origin; accusation διαφορά -ᾶς ἡ difference, disagreement ἡμέρα -ας ἡ day οἰκία -ας ἡ building, house οὐσία -ας ἡ essence, property πολιτεία -ας ἡ constitution, republic στρατιά -ᾶς ἡ army συμφορά -ᾶς ἡ event, situation, disaster σωτηρία -ας ἡ safety χώρα -ας ἡ land, place

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • • • θύρα -ας ἡ door καρδία -ας ἡ heart μαρτυρία -ας ἡ testimony οἰκία -ας ἡ building, house παρρησία -ας ἡ free speech, public speech σοφία -ας ἡ wisdom σωτηρία -ας ἡ safety χαρά -ᾶς ἡ joy χρεία -ας ἡ need, necessity ὥρα -ας ἡ season, time

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Core • ἡμέρα -ας ἡ day • οἰκία -ας ἡ building, house • σωτηρία -ας ἡ safety, salvation

Ancient Greek for Everyone New: The First Declension • This unit adds nouns of the First Declension. • Some First Declension nouns have -ᾰ- in the Nominative and Accusative singular. • Again, when this type of noun has a stem ending in -ε, -ι or -ρ, the singular forms change the -η- to an -ᾱ- (affecting only the Genitive and Dative singular). • These changes have no meaning. They are just shifts in pronunciation (and consequently spelling).

Ancient Greek for Everyone Singular • • Nom. ἡ δόξα Gen. τῆς δόξης Dat. τῇ δόξῃ Acc. τὴν δόξαν Plural • • Nom. αἱ δόξαι Gen. τῶν δοξῶν Dat. ταῖς δόξαις Acc. τὰς δόξας Building a Greek Noun δόξα -ας ἡ glory, judgment, opinion

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Classical • • ἀλήθεια -ας ἡ truth γλῶττα -ης ἡ tongue, language δόξα -ης ἡ opinion, judgment, glory θάλαττα -ης ἡ sea

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • • ἀλήθεια -ας ἡ truth γλῶσσα -ης ἡ tongue, language δόξα -ης ἡ opinion, judgment, glory θάλασσα -ης ἡ sea

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Core • • ἀλήθεια -ας ἡ truth γλῶ(ττ)σσα -ης ἡ tongue, language δόξα -ης ἡ opinion, judgment, glory θάλα(ττ)σσα -ης ἡ sea

Ancient Greek for Everyone New: The First Declension • This unit adds nouns of the First Declension. • Most nouns of the First Declension are feminine. • If a noun of the First Declension is masculine (which happens if it refers to a specifically male person), two changes occur: – The Nominative singular restores the –ς ending. – The Genitive singular uses the masculine –ου ending.

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Classical • δεσπότης -ου ὁ master • ποιητής -οῦ ὁ creator, poet • στρατιώτης -ου ὁ soldier

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • μαθητής -οῦ ὁ disciple • προφητής -οῦ ὁ prophet

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Core • στρατιώτης -ου ὁ soldier – 26 times in the NT

Ancient Greek for Everyone New: The First Declension • The accent of First Declension nouns: – – Some have recessive accent just like verbs (ἀλήθεια -ας ἡ truth). Some accent just like the definite article (τιμή -ῆς ἡ value, honor). Some keep the accent on the penultimate syllable (ἡμέρα -ας ἡ day). In the Genitive plural form, however, the full ending is -αων, but the -α- always contracts, and as a result, First Declension nouns are always accented -ῶν.

Ancient Greek for Everyone New: The Second Declension • This unit adds nouns of the Second Declension. • Nouns in this declension are mostly masculine and use the same endings as the masculine definite article. – The Nominative singular restores the –ς ending. • The few feminine nouns in this declension use exactly the same endings (i. e. , those of masculine definite article).

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Classical • • • καιρός -οῦ ὁ the right time κίνδυνος -ου ὁ danger κόσμος -ου ὁ order, decoration, world κύκλος -ου ὁ circle κύριος -ου ὁ lord, master λαός -οῦ ὁ the people, folk λίθος -ου ὁ stone λόγος -ου ὁ word, speech; thought, reason, account, reckoning ναός, ναοῦ ὁ temple νῆσος -ου ἡ island

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Classical • • • νόμος -ου ὁ custom, tradition, law νόσος -ου ὁ disease νοῦς, νοῦ ὁ mind ξένος -ου ὁ guest/friend/host; foreigner, stranger ὁδός -οῦ ἡ road οἶκος -ου ὁ house, home, family οὐρανός -οῦ ὁ sky, heaven ὀφθαλμός -οῦ ὁ eye πόλεμος -ου ὁ war

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • • • ἄγγελος –ου ὁ messenger, angel ἀγρός -οῦ ὁ field, farm ἀδελφός -οῦ ὁ brother ἄνεμος -ου ὁ wind ἄνθρωπος -ου ὁ human being ἀπόστολος -ου ὁ apostle ἄρτος -ου ὁ bread διάβολος -ου ὁ deceiver, slanderer διδάσκολος -ου ὁ teacher δοῦλος -ου ὁ slave

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • • • λαός -οῦ ὁ people λίθος -ου ὁ stone λόγος -ου ὁ word, speech; thought, reason, account, reckoning ναός, ναοῦ ὁ temple νόμος -ου ὁ custom, tradition, law ὁδός -οῦ ἡ road οἶκος -ου ὁ house, home, family οἶνος -ου ὁ wine οὐρανός -οῦ ὁ sky, heaven ὀφθαλμός -οῦ ὁ eye ὄχλος -ου ὁ crowd, mob

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: NT (New Testament) • • τόπος -ου ὁ place, topic υἱός -οῦ ὁ son φόβος -ου ὁ panic, fear χρόνος -ου ὁ time

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Core • • ἀδελφός -οῦ ὁ brother ἄνθρωπος -ου, ὁ/ἡ human being δοῦλος -ου ὁ slave ἥλιος -ου ὁ sun θάνατος -ου ὁ death θεός -οῦ ὁ/ἡ god, goddess καιρός -οῦ ὁ the right time κύριος -ου ὁ lord, master

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Core • λαός -οῦ ὁ the people, folk • λίθος -ου ὁ stone • λόγος -ου ὁ word, speech; thought, reason, account, reckoning • ναός, ναοῦ ὁ temple • νόμος -ου ὁ custom, tradition, law • ὁδός -οῦ ἡ road • οἶκος -ου ὁ house, home, family • οὐρανός -οῦ ὁ sky, heaven • ὀφθαλμός -οῦ ὁ eye

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Core • • τόπος -ου ὁ place, topic υἱός -οῦ ὁ son φόβος -ου ὁ panic, fear χρόνος -ου ὁ time

Ancient Greek for Everyone From Unit 3: Building a Greek Noun • The Neuter Law: two rules apply to all neuter words in Greek. • (1) The nominative singular and the accusative singular must be identical. • (2) The nominative plural and the accusative plural must both end in a short -α.

Ancient Greek for Everyone New: The Second Declension • This unit adds nouns of the Second Declension. • Nouns in this declension that are neuter obey the Neuter Law: – The nominative and accusative singular both end in -ον. – The nominative and accusative plural end in -α.

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Classical ἀργύριον -ου τό money, silver ἔργον -ου τό deed, work ζῷον -ου τό living being, animal ὅπλον -ου τό weapon, tool (mostly pl. ) πρόσωπον -ου τό face, mask, person σημεῖον -ου τό sign στάδιον -ου τό (pl. στάδια and στάδιοι) stadion or stade, Greek unit of measure ~ 185 meters/202 yards/607 feet • τέκνον -ου τό child • χωρίον -ου τό place, spot, district • •

Ancient Greek for Everyone Unit 8 part 2 Vocabulary: Core • • • δαιμόνιον -ου τό demon ἔργον -ου τό deed, work παιδίον -ου τό child πρόσωπον -ου τό face, mask, person σημεῖον -ου τό sign τέκνον -ου τό child

Ancient Greek for Everyone New: The Second Declension In Classical Attic Greek, it is easy to confuse • ναῦς, νεώς ἡ ship • νοῦς, νοῦ ὁ mind • νεώς, νεώ ὁ temple – This is a rare noun that declines differently in Classical Attic Greek from the way it declines in Koine. – The next slide shows its Classical Attic declension.

Ancient Greek for Everyone Singular • • Nom. ὁ νεώς Gen. τοῦ νεώ Dat. τῷ νεῴ Acc. τὸν νεών Plural • • Nom. οἱ νεῴ Gen. τῶν νεών Dat. τοῖς νεῴς Acc. τοὺς νεώς Building a Greek Noun νεώς, νεώ ὁ temple (Classical Attic)

Ancient Greek for Everyone New: The Second Declension • The Classical Greek word ναῦς, νεώς ἡ “ship” occurs only once in the NT (Acts 27: 41; πλοῖον is the more common word) but it is easy to confuse with ναός, ναοῦ ὁ “temple” (45 times) or with νοῦς, νοός ὁ “mind” (24 times).