ANCIENT GREECE VOCABULARY TERMS ANCIENT GREECE 1 Define

ANCIENT GREECE

VOCABULARY TERMS- ANCIENT GREECE 1. Define the following terms: polis, citizen, monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, phalanx, democratic, tyrant, legislature, direct democracy, ostracism, philosopher

2. Locate and identify on a map- Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, Italy, Crete, Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, Black Sea, Sparta, Athens, Troy, Byzantium and Carthage (p. 119 and 1140)

Ancient Greece Geography Balkan Peninsula Aegean Sea Mediterranean Sea Asia Minor Mild Climate Mountains, fertile plains, fine harbors Isolation No unity but a shared language

The Minoans (c. 2500 -1400 B. C. ) Crete engaged in sea trade Archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans King Minos Minoan demise and Mycenaean attack? Fresco painting

Ancient Greece

The Mycenaeans (c. 1400 -1100 B. C. ) Indo-Europeans from central Asia (c. 2000 B. C. ) intermarried with the natives in Greece, the Hellenes established kingdoms with fortified palaces adopted elements of Minoan culture engaged in sea trade fighting between the kingdoms and demise

The Dorian Migration (c. 1200 -1000 B. C. ) The Dorians were a Greek-speaking people Mounted warriors with iron weapons v. charioteers with bronze weapons Gradual development of a new political order in Greece

The Dark Age (1100 -750 B. C. ) Relocation of many Greeks to the islands across the Aegean Sea and Ionia Reduction in trade and decline in skills such as writing and craft making Iron replaced bronze for making weapons Adoption of the Phoenician alphabet Hellenic Culture (750 -336 B. C. ) Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey Epics Homer, 8 th Century B. C. ? the City of Troy Mycenaean attack on Troy? Synopsis: Paris, Helen, Menelaus, Agamemnon, Achilles, Hector Odysseus

The Trojan War

The Iliad and Odyssey and Greek Society taught children virtues considered to be history Religion of Ancient Greece Greek deities were believed to control all forces in the physical world Greeks believed people were servants to the gods Greek gods had human attributes Main gods of the Greek pantheon: First Olympic Games, 776 B. C.

In Ancient Greece, life was centered around the city-state, or polis. The polis became the dominant political unit in Greece after about 800 B. C. The polis was where the Greeks met “for political, social, and religious activities. ” The development of the Greek city-States falls into four main chronological periods: 1. Formative Greek Period- 1100 B. C. to 800 B. C. – the Greeks were consolidating their control over the areas taken from the pres-existing Aegean peoples (i. e. , the Mycenaean). It was during this period that the early city-states began to take shape. 2. Age of Colonization- 800 B. C. to 600 B. C. – the Greek city-states grew strong enough and ambitious enough to expand beyond Aegean. 3. Golden Age of Ancient Greece- 600 B. C. to 400 B. C. - It was during this period that the Greek city-states reached their height of economic, social, political, and cultural achievement. 4. The Decline of Greece- After 400 B. C. the political institutions eroded; however, Greek culture continued to endure and flourish in the Mediterranean area and beyond. In the later part of the fourth century B. C. , the Greek city-states lost their full independence and became part of the Macedonian Empire created by Alexander the Great. In the about 133 B. C. , Greece became part of Rome.

Political Developments in Ancient Greece - Monarchy (hereditary ruler exercising central power) Aristocracy (hereditary landowning elite) Oligarchy (rule by the few) Plutocracy (rule by the wealthy few) Tyrant (one who acquires political office by force ) Democracy (rule by the many, rule by the people) Greek Phalanx

Greek Colonization §Beginning around 750 B. C. §Population increase after the “dark ages” §Farmers were unable to keep up with the demand for food §Farmers were sent throughout the Mediterranean to establish colonies §Change in economy §Change in politics §Change in battle

Greek City States polis, or city-state acropolis agora citizens

Athens and Sparta Society (highly militaristic) 1. 2. 3. Spartans (Spartiatai)- ruling class of soldiers Perioikoi- farmers, merchants, and craftsmen Helots- slaves and farm laborers Life Laconians and Messenians of a Spartan man 14 to 20 years old 20 to 30 years old At 30 years old 60 years Spartan Women Spartan Government Oligarchy- Ephors, Council of Elders Sparta was a society based on fear

Athens and Sparta

Athens and Sparta Athens early monarchies (1200 -800 B. C. ) oligarchy (800 s B. C. ) economic problems, discontent among the lower classes, insurrection against the wealthy aristocrats Solon (594 B. C. ) reform-minded aristocrat Cancelled land debts Freed those placed into slavery for debt Continued discontent Pisistratus (tyrant) Gained absolute control over Athens in 546 B. C. Pisistratus’ reforms Cleisthenes Introduced democratic government into ancient Athens Ostracism Sparta was fearful of Athens. Why?

Herodotus (484 -425 B. C. ) • Father of History • History of the Persian Wars

Persian Wars (490 - 444 B. C. ) 1 st Phase (490 B. C. ) Darius Battle of Marathon 2 nd Phase (481 -479 B. C. ) Xerxes 200, 000 troops and numerous war vessels Battle at Thermopylae Athens abandoned Battle of Salamis Battle of Plataea Delian League (478 B. C. ) confederation of Greek states headed by Athens defensive alliance against the Persians Athens growth in power and the estrangement of member city-states

Persian Wars

The Battle at Salamis

Parthenon in Athens

Pericles (c. 461 -429 B. C. ) Great Athenian orator and statesman The Peloponnesian Wars (431 - 404 B. C. ) Athens’ hegemony and foreign policy Sparta’s Peloponnesian League (anti-Athenian) Conflict between Athens and Sparta Athenians declared unconditional surrender in 411 B. C. Sparta and Persia Athens defeated trying to subdue Syracuse Athens forced to surrender to its enemies Destruction of Athens in 404 B. C. Thucydides (460 -400 B. C. ) History of the Peloponnesian War Spartan Hegemony (404 - c. 370 B. C. ) Decline in adult males Spartan population reduced significantly by the time of Alexander the Great

Greek Philosophy and Science Socrates (470 -399 B. C. ) Athenian philosopher established the Socratic method of questioning sentenced to die for corrupting Athenian youth Plato (428 -347 B. C. ) student of Socrates The Republic The Academy Aristotle (384 -322 B. C. ) student of Plato stressed observation and investigation Alexander the Great Lyceum

Power shift from the Greeks to the Macedonians Hegemony shifted from Sparta to Thebes Philip II of Macedon as hostage to Thebes Philip II of Macedonia (359 -336 B. C. ) Royalty of Macedonia, honorary Greeks Changes made to Macedonian military 1. 2. 3. Macedonian spears lengthened (phalanx form. ) Developed an engineering corps to travel with his army Rapid expansion; cities taken by rapid siege Battle of Chaeronea- subjugation of Greece Marriage to Olympias of Epirus (neither Greek nor Macedonian)

Alexander the Great (356 -323 B. C. ) Alexander’s self-proclaimed lineage Alexander’s early life Age 5 Learned military skills from father’s leading soldiers Maintained a positive relationship with his father’s army Age 13 Aristotle Age 16 Gained Age hired to tutor Alexander command of Macedonia’s light infantry 18 Major break with his father, Philip II Alexander temporarily exiled Philip II assassinated and Alexander became the king of Macedonia at the age of 20 (336 B. C. )

Alexander’s Conquests Intended to fulfill his father’s goals to unite all of Greece under Macedonia Conquered the territories of Thrace across the Danube River Suppressed a revolt in Thebes Alexander and the conquest of Persia The Gordian Knot in Phrygia Darius III and the Battle of Issus (333 B. C. ) Accepted in Egypt as a deliverer from Persian domination (City of Alexandria) Alexander then marched his army to Mesopotamia to find Darius III Susa 330 B. C. Persepolis (capital of the Persian Empire; the city was burned to the ground) Revenge for the Persian destruction of Athens in 480 B. C. ? Ultimately Darius was killed by two of his own generals.

The Empire of Alexander the Great

Final Conquests By 327 B. C. , Alexander extended his empire into Bactria (modern-day Afghanistan and Turkmenistan) Alexander married the Bactrian princess Roxane In a fit of rage Alexander killed his childhood mentor and close friend Clitus In 326 B. C. , Alexander and his army crossed the Indus River into India. Alexander’s Alexander old. troops refused to go any further died of a fever in 323 B. C. He was 33 years

The dissolution of Alexander’s empire nine year regency Empire split between Alexander’s generals Egypt- Ptolemy Macedonia- Antigonus Asia Minor and Syria- Seleucids Hellenistic Age Hellenistic- “to imitate Greeks”

Ancient Greece Vocabulary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. polis- city-state in ancient Greece citizen- resident of a town or city monarchy- government in which a king or queen exercises central power aristocracy- government head by a privileged minority or upper class oligarchy- government in which ruling power belongs to a few people phalanx- tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers democracy- government in which the people hold ruling power tyrant- ruler who gains power by force legislature- lawmaking body direct democracy- system of government in which citizens participate directly in the day-to-day affairs of government ostracism- banishing a public figure thought to be a threat philosopher – someone who seeks to understand explain life