ANATOMY REVIEW BONES MUSCLES BONES WHAT DO BONES
ANATOMY REVIEW BONES & MUSCLES
BONES
WHAT DO BONES DO? • Protect vital organs • Support the body • Allow the body to move through muscle and tendon attachment. • Provide attachment points for ligaments • Store important minerals such as calcium • Produce red blood cells which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from tissues.
TYPES OF BONES • Flat bones • scapula – “shoulder blade” • Sternum – “breast bone”
TYPES OF BONES • Irregular bonesexamples are the talus (ankle bone) and the vertebrae (spinal bones)
TYPES OF BONES • Long bonesexamples are the femur (upper thigh bone) and the ulna (one of the arm bones).
TYPES OF BONES • Short bonesexample are the tarsals (small bones of the foot)
TYPES OF BONES • Sesamoid bones- an example would be the patella, where the bone floats around freely.
BONE TRIVIA • How many bones are there in a human adult skeleton? – 206 –More than half of the 206 bones are in the hands and feet. • How many bones are there in an infant’s skeleton? – 350 –Bones fuse together as you grow
BONES OF THE SKULL • The skull is made up of 28 bones. • 22 form the framework for the head and provide protection for the brain, eyes, and ears.
BONES OF THE SKULL • Light Blue: Frontal Bone (front) • Pink: Parietal Bone (upper sides) • Orange: Temporal Bone (lower sides) • Green: Occipital Bone (bottom)
BONES OF THE FACE • Purple: mandible (lower jaw bone) • Dark Blue: maxilla (upper jaw bone)
SPINAL COLUMN • The spinal column is made up of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, and the sacrum.
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE • There are 7 cervical vertebrae labeled C 1 -C 7. • C 1 (atlas) and C 2 (axis) are responsible for the head nodding “no”. • C 3 -C 7 are responsible for the head nodding “yes”.
THORACIC VERTEBRAE • There are 12 thoracic vertebrae labeled T 1 -T 12. • They increase in size as they move down the spine (Ex: T 1 and T 2 are smaller than T 10 and T 11). • All thoracic vertebrae have facets (small grooves) on the sides of their bodies for attachment of the ribs.
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE • There are 5 lumbar vertebrae labeled L 1 -L 5. • Lumbar vertebrae are most frequently involved in back pain. • They carry the most amount of body weight. • Are subject to the largest forces and stresses along the spine.
SACRUM AND COCCYX • The sacrum is a large triangular bone at the base of the spine. • It connects to the L 5 vertebrae and ends with the coccyx (tailbone).
SACRUM AND COCCYX • The sacrum is labeled S 1. • The coccyx (tailbone) is the final piece of the vertebral column.
MORE BONE TRIVIA • What is the longest bone in the body? –Femur. It is almost one quarter of the bodies total height. • What is the smallest bone in the body? –The stirrup deep inside the ear. It is hardly larger than a grain of rice.
STERNUM AND RIB CAGE • The sternum (breastbone) is a long flat bone located in the center of the chest. • The sternum is connected to the ribs with cartilage.
STERNUM AND RIB • CAGE The ribcage is made up of 12 ribs. • The first 7 ribs (1 -7) are connected to the sternum and are called true ribs. • The 8 th, 9 th, and 10 th ribs attach in front to the cartilage portion of the next rib above, and are called false ribs. • The 11 th and 12 th ribs are not attached in front and are called floating ribs.
THE SHOULDER COMPLEX • The shoulder complex is made up of the clavicle (collar bone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone)
CLAVICLE • The clavicle (a. k. a. collar bone) is a long bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle. • This bone is clearly visible through the skin. • The clavicle is the easiest bone in the body to break.
SCAPULA • The scapula (a. k. a. shoulder blade) is the bone that connects the humerus and the clavicle. • It is a flat bone and triangular in shape.
HUMERUS • The humerus is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. • Fits between the scapula and the ulna.
FOREARM BONES • The radius is one of two bones in the forearm. • Extends on the lateral side (outside or thumb side) of the forearm between the elbow and wrist.
FOREARM BONES • The ulna is the stronger and larger of the two forearm bones. • Extends on the medial side (inside or pinky finger side) of the forearm between the elbow and wrist.
WRIST AND HAND BONES • Scaphoid • The 8 bones that make up the wrist are called the carpals. • Lunate • Triquetrum • Pisiform • Trapezium • Trapezoid • Capitate • Hamate
FINGER BONES • The hand fingers are made up of 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges.
PELVIS (HIP BONE) • The 3 bones of the pelvis are the ilium, ischium, pubis. • The pelvis provides the socket for the hip joint.
BONE TRIVIA • What is the hardest bone in the body to break? –Femur. Usually broken in car accidents or a fall from somewhere high.
THIGH AND LEG BONES • The femur (thigh bone) is the longest and strongest bone in the body. • It forms part of the hip and part of the knee.
PATELLA • The patella (knee cap) is a thick triangular shaped sesamoid bone. • It sits in front of the femur and protects the front of the knee joint.
TIBIA • The tibia (or shin bone) is the larger of the two lower leg bones. • It is the second longest bone in the body. • Extends between the femur and the ankle on the medial side of the body.
FIBULA • The fibula extends below the tibia to the ankle on the lateral side. • It is the skinniest of all long bones in the body.
FOOT BONES • The tarsals are a group of bones that make up the top of the foot.
FOOT BONES • 1= Calcaneus • 2= Talus • 3= Navicular • 4=Medial Cuneiform • 5= Intermediate Cuneiform • 6= Lateral Cuneiform • 7= Cuboid
FOOT BONES • The rest of the foot and toes are made up of 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges.
READY FOR MUSCLES? ? ?
MUSCLES
SKELETAL MUSCLES • Skeletal muscle is a type of striated (striped) muscle that is attached to bones. • Skeletal muscles are used to create movement by applying force to bones and joints.
HOW MANY SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE THERE IN THE BODY? • There are just shy of 700 skeletal muscles in the body.
TYPES OF MOVEMENT • Flexion • Extension • Abduction • Adduction • Rotation – Internal rotation – External rotation • Inversion • Eversion • Dorsiflexion • Plantarflexion • Supination • Pronation
NECK MUSCLES • The neck can move in 5 different ways: Flexion, Extension, Rotation, Lateral Flexion Circumduction
NECK MUSCLES • Sternocleidomastoi d Muscle is responsible for tilting the head laterally, rotating the head, and pulling the back of the head downward.
BACK MUSCLES • The trapezius is a large superficial muscle of the back. • The trapezius attaches at the occipital bone, the two scapulae, and down to the 12 th thoracic vertebrae.
BACK MUSCLES • The latissimus dorsi is a large flat muscle of the back. • The “lats” cover the lumbar region of the back and the lower half of the thoracic region.
BACK MUSCLES • The rhomboid major muscle is a muscle on the back that connects the scapula with the vertebrae of the spinal column.
BACK MUSCLES • The erector spinae muscle is a group of muscles in the back. • Supports the entire upper body.
CHEST MUSCLES • Pectoralis major- located on the front of the ribcage. • Attaches to the humerus near the shoulder joint and to the sternum in the center of the chest.
CHEST MUSCLES • Pectoralis minoris located underneath the pectoralis major. • It attaches to the scapula and the middle ribs.
ABDOMINAL MUSCLES • Rectus Abdominus- (abs) are long flat muscles that run vertically on both sides of the abdomen. • They are two parallel muscles separated by connective tissue.
ABDOMINAL MUSCLES • Internal Oblique- the middle muscle of the stomach that lays just underneath the external oblique.
ABDOMINAL MUSCLES • External Oblique is the largest and most superficial of the three stomach muscles.
SHOULDER MUSCLES • Deltoid- forms the round contour of the shoulder. • The deltoid assists in shoulder abduction, flexion, and extension.
WHOA!
SHOULDER MUSCLES • Rotator cuff muscles- four muscles responsible for stabilizing the shoulder joint as well as elevating and rotating the arm.
SHOULDER MUSCLES • S. I. T. S • Supraspinatus • Infraspinatus • Teres Minor • Subscapularis
ARM MUSCLES • There are 4 muscles responsible for flexion of the arm. – Biceps brachii – Brachioradialis – Brachialis – Pronator teres
ARM MUSCLES Pronator Teres
RUPTURED BICEP
ARM MUSCLES • There are 2 muscles responsible for extension of the arm. –Triceps brachii –Anconeus
FOREARM MUSCLES • Muscles responsible for flexion of the hand: Also known as the Wrist Flexors: – Flexor digitorum profundus – Flexor pollicis longus – Flexor digitorum superficialis – Flexor carpi ulnaris – Palamaris longus – Flexor carpi radialis
FOREARM MUSCLES • Muscles responsible for extension of the hand: • Also known as the Wrist Extensors: – Extensor indicis – Extensor pollicis longus – Extensor pollicis brevis – Extensor carpi radialis longus – Extensor carpi radialis brevis – Extensor carpi ulnaris – Extensor digiti minimi – Extensor digitorum
MUSCLE TRIVIA • What is the largest muscle in the body? –Gluteus Maximus • What is the smallest muscle in the body? –Stapedius- 1/20 th of an inch long –Found in the inner ear • What is the longest muscle in the body? –Sartorius –Runs from the hip to the knee
MUSCLES OF THE GLUTEAL REGION • Gluteus Maximus • Gluteus Medius • Gluteus Minimus • Gluteal muscles are responsible for external rotation and extension of the hip joint.
HIP & THIGH MUSCLES • Also named by the region and the function of the muscle: - Hip Flexors- muscles acting on the anterior hip/thigh, responsible for hip flexion Example: Psoas major -Hip adductors (Groin)- muscles acting on the medial hip/thigh, responsible for hip adduction Example: Adductor Longus, Gracilis -Hip abductors- muscles acting on the lateral hip/thigh, responsible for hip abduction Example: Tensor Fascia Latae, IT Band
QUADRICEPS • Muscles responsible for knee extension. • Rectus femoris • Vastus lateralis • Vastus medialis • Vastus intermedius
HAMSTRINGS • Muscles responsible for knee flexion. • Biceps Femoris • Semimembranosu s • Semitendinosus
MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR/LATERAL LEG • Tibialis Anterior – Dorsiflexion and inversion of ankle • Peroneous Longus – Eversion and plantarflexion of ankle
MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR LEG • Gastrocnemiussuperficial calf muscle • Soleus- deep to gastrocnemius • Tibialis Posteriorassoc. with shin splints
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