Anatomy Physiology II BIOL 2002 C Exam Review

Anatomy & Physiology II BIOL 2002 C Exam Review for Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Nephrons • What is the proper sequence of flow from urine formation to urine secretion? – Kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra • What is a nephron? – The functional unit of the kidney • What are the 2 types of nephrons discussed and where are they located? – Cortical, 85% – Juxtamedullary, 15%

Urine Production • Where does filtration take place – Glomerulus • Where does reabsorption take place? – Loop of Henle, PCT, DCT, collecting duct • Where does Tubular secretion take place? – PCT and DCT • Which are tubule to blood? – Tubular reabsorption • Which are blood to tubule? – Filtration and Tubular secretion

Filtration • What type of capillaries? – Fenestrated • Compared to normal capillary BP, glomerular BP is…? – Higher • What is the difference in diameters between afferent and efferent arterioles? – Afferent diameter > efferent arteriole

Important Numbers • ____ of blood are filtered each day – 1500 L • _____ of filtrate are produced – 180 L • ______ of urine are produced and excreted – 1. 5 L • _____ of blood plasma becomes filtrate (Filtration fraction) – 20%

NFP • What is the equation for NFP? – NFP= (HPg-HPc) –(OPg-OPc) • Hydrostatic pressure is the same as…. . – capillary BP • Hydrostatic pressure is going to do what to water? – Force it out • Osmotic Pressure is going to do what to water? – Draw it in

NFP continued • NFP Values: • Glomerular capillary pressure= – 50 mm. Hg • Capsular pressure= – 10 mm. Hg • Blood colloid osmotic pressure= – 30 mm Hg • Capsule osmotic pressure= – 0 mm Hg • Using these numbers what would the NFP be? – 10 mm Hg • Positive numbers mean fluid moves how? – Fluid leaves capillaries

Autoregulation: Myogenic Feedback: • If BP is increased what will happen… – Increased stretch, then constriction of afferent arteriole • If BP is decreased… – Decreased stretch, then dilation of afferent arteriole Tubuloglomerular Feedback: • slow flow rate and low osmolarity will lead to… – Production of chemicals that causes vasodilation and increase blood flow into glomerulus and NFP and GFR will increase

Reabsorption: PCT: • What is reabsorbed? – ALL glucose, lactate, and amino acids • How much of filtrate is absorbed here? – 65% • What is a major type of transport is used here? – Active Descending Loop of Henle • What is reabsorbed here? – Water • What process is important in reabsorbing? – Osmosis

Reabsorption Continued: Ascending Loop of Henle • What is this impermeable to? – Impermeable to water • What is reabsorbed here? – Cations + anions, (salts) • What type of transport? – Active transport • Between the ascending and descending loop of Henle which is the percentage of filtrate reabsorbed? DCT – 15% – What percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed here? – Up to 14% Collecting Duct – Controlled mostly by which hormones: – Aldosterone and ADH

Tubular Secretion • This helps to regulate… – Blood p. H and body K+ levels • What is commonly secreted in the PCT: – H+, ammonia, uric acid, drugs, creatinine • DCT: – H+, ammonia, drugs, creatinine • Collecting Duct: – H+, K+, bicarbonate, ammonia

Hormonal Control: ADH • Released by. . – Posterior Pituitary • Released in response to ____ concentrated blood – More concentrated blood • The ADH acts on…. – The DCT and Collecting Duct • ADH activates… – G-protein, Adenylate cyclase, c. AMP and insetion of aquaporins

Hormonal Control: Aldosterone • Released by: – Adrenal cortex • Released in response to. . – Low BP, low blood volume, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia • What is the effect of reabsorption – Increased reabsorption of sodium in DCT and collecting duct • What solubility, and what type of receptors – Lipid, Nuclear receptors

Hormonal Control: ANP • Released from… – Heart atrial cells • ANP is released in response to… – High BP and high blood volume • What is the effect of ANP – Inhibits sodium reabsorption and ADH release • Thus ANP is a vaso____ and urine volume is _____ – Vasodilator, urine volume increased

Urine Movement • What is the flow of urine from the nephron to the urinary bladder? – Glomerulus Glomerular capsule PCT Loop of Henle DCT collecting duct renal papilla (papillary duct) minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureters urinary bladder urethra • How is the micturition reflex controlled? What parts are involuntary or voluntary? – Involuntary reflex action/ internal urethral sphincter made up of smooth muscle (peristalsis) and by voluntary control of external urethral sphincter made up of skeletal muscle

Reproductive System: Male • What is the gamete of the male? – Male= sperm • What are the functions of… • Epididymis: – final maturation of sperm cells • Prostate gland: – alkaline secretions • Bulbourethral gland: – mucus gland, lubricating fluid for urethra • Seminal vesicle: – secretion of substance that contains fructose, citric acid/citrate, fibrinogen

Male continued. . • What is cryptorchidism: – Undescended testicle • What composes semen: – Sperm + secretions of accessory glands • What are the 3 parts of a mature sperm cell: – Head – Mid-piece – Tail (flagellum)

Hormonal effects on Male Reproductive • What is the effect of the following hormones: • Gn. RH: – helps to increase sperm count and fertility • LH (ISH): – act on interstitial cells to produce testosterone • FSH: – act on seminiferous tubules • Testosterone: – negative feedback effect on hypothalamus to reduce LH & FSH, positive feedback on sertoli cells of semiferous tubules

Effects of testosterone: Axillary and pubic hair/coarse sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands growth (bones and muscle) deepening of voice (thickening of laryngeal cartilages) • sex drive (increase due to overall increase production of sex hormones • penis growth and other external genitalia • facial hair growth • •

The steps of the male sex act: • Erection: – parasympathetic, psychic and tactile, pudendal nerve releases of Ach so vasodilate • Emission: – sympathetic: entry of semen into urethra • Ejaculation: – sympathetic: expulsion of semen from urethra, contraction of urogenital diaphragm • Orgasm: – please center in brain, dopamine and endorphins • Resolution: – things go back to normal

Female Reproductive • What are changes that occur in females during puberty? – Coarse hair develops, pubic and axillary – Fat deposits: breasts, thighs, hips – Onset of menses: menarche – Mammary gland development – External genitalia growth – Estrogen and Progesterone increase

Female Reproductive • What are the stages of the ovarian cycle and what days do they take place? – Follicular (Day 1 -13) – Ovulation (Day 13 -15, average Day 14) – Luteal (Day 15 -28) • What are the stages of the menstrual cycle and what days do they take place? – Menses (Day 1 -5) – Proliferative (Day 5 -14) – Secretory (Day 14 -28)

Zygote Placenta • What is the order of events from zygote to formation of the placenta? – Zygote – Cleavage stage – Morula – Blastocyst – Inner cell mass becomes the embryo – Implantation (Day 7)

Hormones of the Female Reproductive • • • Where do the following hormones come from and what are their roles? Gn. RH: – From hypothalamus, acts on anterior pituitary for LH and FSH secretion FSH: – from anterior pituitary, develops follicles, acts on ovaries to increase estrogen LH: – from anterior pituitary, helps with ovulation, forming corpus luteum, also important in progesterone secretion Estrogen: – From ovaries, proliferates the lining of the uterus Progesterone: – causes enlargement of glands and their secretion

Hormones in pregnancy, childbirth and lactation • What hormone is very important in the first trimester? – h. CG • What hormone is important for stimulating labor and milk letdown? – Oxytocin • What hormone is important for milk production? – Prolactin

Contraception • Behavioral methods: – Abstinence, coitus interruptus, natural family planning • Mechanical (barrier): – Condom, diaphragm, intrauterine device • Chemical (hormonal): – oral contraceptive, patch, vaginal ring, hormone injections • Surgical: – vasectomy, tubal ligation