Anatomy Physiology II Anatomy II Review Lecture Anatomy

Anatomy & Physiology II • Anatomy II Review Lecture • Anatomy II Review Packet • EOC Review • Homework: Anatomy II EOC Review Thursday 5/24 • Homework due: • Anatomy Review Packet (Friday) • EOC Exam (Finals Week) • Tutoring Available Anatomy & Physiology II EOC Exam Review Daily Learning Target: By the end of class, students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the anatomical structures & physiological processes of major body systems as evidenced by review question responses.

Anatomy & Physiology II EOC Exam Review Daily Learning Target: By the end of class, students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the anatomical structures & physiological processes of major body systems as evidenced by review question responses. Anatomy/Physiology II • Sensory Organs – Ear, eye, tongue • Endocrine System – Organs & hormones • Lymphatic System – Lines of defense • Cardiovascular System – Heart, blood vessels, & blood • Respiratory, Digestive & Urinary Systems • Reproductive Systems

Anatomy & Physiology II EOC Exam Review Daily Learning Target: By the end of class, students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the anatomical structures & physiological processes of major body systems as evidenced by review question responses. STD. 8 SENSORY ORGANS REVIEW Sensory Organs • Sensory Receptors • Ear Anatomy & Hearing – Structure & function • Eye Anatomy & Vision – Structure & function • Tongue & Taste – Structure & Function

GENERAL VS. SPECIAL SENSES General Senses – Receptors are widely distributed – Skin, muscles, tendons, joints, and viscera • Include: Special Senses – Receptors limited to the head – Innervated by cranial nerves • Include: – Touch, pressure, stretch, – Vision, hearing, heat, cold, and pain, taste, and smell blood pressure

SENSORY RECEPTORS • Mechanoreceptors • Physical force → touch and blood pressure • Photoreceptors: • Light → vision • Chemoreceptors: • Dissolved chemicals (taste/smell) & internal body chemistry

EAR ANATOMY

EAR ANATOMY • Outer Ear & Auditory Canal – Funnel sound to eardrum • Tympanic Membrane – Eardrum transfers vibrations to middle ear • Auditory Ossicles – Malleus, incus, stapes – Transmit vibration to oval window of inner ear

EAR ANATOMY Inner Ear • Semicircular Canals – Bony labyrinth & Membranous labyrinth – Maintain balance/ equilibrium • Cochlea – Houses spiral organ of Corti • Spiral Organ – Converts auditory vibrations into action potential • Auditory nerve – Transmits impulse to brain

HEARING PHYSIOLOGY • Hearing Pathway: auricle auditory canal tympanic membrane auditory ossicles oval window cochlear nerve/auditory nerve brain Cochlea ↓ Semicircular canals (bony & membranous Labyrinth) • Organ of hearing = Spiral organ of Corti – Stereocilia of spiral organ Stereocilia convert auditory vibrations of inner ear fluid (endolymph) endolymph into nerve impulse (action potential) Cochlear Nerves

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY: EAR & HEARING VIDEO CLIP

EYE ANATOMY

EYE ANATOMY Accessory Eye Structures • Eye Structures located around the eye orbit • Includes: • Eyelid: – Blocks foreign objects, moistens eye, sweeps away debris • Conjunctiva: – Mucus membrane; prevents drying of eyes • Lacrimal Gland: – Produces tears to lubricate & delivers oxygen and nutrients • Extrinsic Muscles: – 6 muscles responsible for eye movement

EYE ANATOMY • Layers of the Eye: • Outer Fibrous Tunic – Sclera & cornea • Middle Vascular Tunic – Choroid, Choroid ciliary body, body & iris • Inner Nervous Tunic – Retina & optic nerve • Optical Components: – Transparent; bend/refract light

EYE ANATOMY • Outer Fibrous Tunic – Sclera – white part of the eye; collagenous material – Cornea – admits light into the eye • Middle Vascular Tunic – Choroid – pigmented layer; absorbs light & reduces reflection – Cillary Body - muscular ring around lens; secrete aqueous humor fluid – Iris – Colored portion of eye; controls size of the pupil • Inner Nervous Tunic – Retina - Pigmented epithelium; contains 2 types of photoreceptors: photoreceptors rods and cones – Optic Nerve - Major nerve relaying messages from eyes and brain – Vitreous Humor - clear gel; gel holds lens & retina in position & maintains shape of the eye

EYE ANATOMY Optical Components Neural Components Transparent elements Admit light rays Bend & refract light Focus images on retina • Sends messages to brain • Includes: – – – Retina, optic nerve • Includes: – Cornea, Cornea aqueous humor, lens and vitreous body Retina Optic Nerve

PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION • Vision Pathway: cornea iris pupil lens vitreous body retina rods/cones optic disc/nerve brain • photoreceptors = rods and cones – Rods are responsible for dim light vision while cones are responsible for color vision • Macula (fovea centralis) center for visual acuity • Optic disc – blind spot

Rods PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION Cones • Photoreceptors – Contain photopigments • Photoreceptors • Active under low or dim light • Function: • More sensitive to light; more numerous; detects movement; not found in the macula (fovea centralis) – Contain photopigments • • • Responsible for Color Vision Function: Responds to bright light; produces sharp images; concentrated in macula (Fovea Centralis) • Better than Average: • Average Vision: • Near/farsighted – 20/10 – 20/20 – 20/40

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY: EYE & VISION VIDEO CLIP

OLFACTION & GUSTATION • Olfaction – Sense of smell – Olfactory bulbs brain • Gustation – Sense of taste – Tongue contains gustatory cells & papillary cells – Different areas of tongue contain specialized taste buds

STD. 9 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM REVIEW Endocrine Organs • Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads • Hormones & Target cells • Feedback Loops

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Function: • Influences and regulates tissue function, growth and development, metabolism, & reproductive processes through the release of hormones • Hormones travel in blood stream & effect function of targets cells, cells tissues, & organs

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Control of Endocrine System: • Hormones released by hypothalamus act directly on the pituitary gland • Hormones from hypothalamus can either be releasing hormones (RH) or inhibiting hormones (IH) • Effect: Effect Pituitary releases/inhibits release of hormones that affect other endocrine organs

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: FEEDBACK LOOPS • Regulated by feedback loops • Different types of hormones are released to regulate homeostatic levels in the body • Hormones often work in antagonistic pairs – Insulin & glucagon – Calcitonin & PTH • Feedback loops result in increase or decrease of hormone release.

FEEDBACK LOOP BLOOD GLUCOSE • Glucagon • Insulin • Released By: – Pancreas in response to high glucose levels • Targets: – Liver and body cells causing absorption of glucose & storage as glycogen • Effect: – Glucose Levels drop • Released By: – Alpha cells (pancreas) • In response to: – low glucose levels • Targets: – Liver causing the break down of glycogen to release glucose • Effect: – Glucose Levels rise

FEEDBACK LOOP BLOOD CALCIUM Calcitonin • Released By: – Thyroid • In response to: – High calcium levels • Targets: – Bone cells and prevents the breakdown of bone matrix • Effect: – calcium Levels drop PTH (parathyroid hormone) • Released By: – parathyroid • In response to: – low calcium levels • Targets: – Kidneys, intestines, & bone cells stimulating the reabsorption of calcium and breakdown of bone • Effect: – calcium Levels rise

HORMONES Hypothalamus H. • GHRH: • Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone • TRH: • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone • GNRH: • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Pituitary Hormones • TSH: • • Thyroid Stimulating ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic FSH: Follicle Stimulating LH: Luteinizing Hormone

Anatomy & Physiology II EOC Exam Review Daily Learning Target: By the end of class, students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the anatomical structures & physiological processes of major body systems as evidenced by review question responses. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

PARTS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • Heart – – Systemic & pulmonary circuits – Pumps blood to lungs & throughout body • Blood Vessels– – Arteries, capillaries, & veins – Transports blood throughout body – Distributes oxygen to tissues • Blood– – Plasma, platelets, RBC’s, & WBC’s – Water, dissolved salts, ions, & minerals – Regulates body temp. , transports nutrients, nutrients & fights infection.

ANATOMY OF THE HEART • Atria • Right atrium • Left atrium – Collects & receives blood • Ventricles • Right ventricle • Left ventricle – Pumps blood through pulmonary & systemic circuits

CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF HEART

HEART STRUCTURES Septum • Separates 2 sides of heart • Separates oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood Valves • Prevents backflow of blood • Located in heart and veins

HEART SOUNDS Heart Sounds • “lub-dup” • Caused by opening and closing of valves • First sound • Atrioventricular valves closing • Second Sound • Semilunar valves closing

CIRCULATION PATHWAYS Pulmonary Circuit �Right side of heart R. atrium �Lungs Systemic Circuit �Left side of heart �Body R. ventricle lungs Left side of heart �Brings deoxygenated blood �Distributes oxygenated blood throughout body & returns to lungs & returns deoxygenated blood to heart

CIRCULATION PATHWAYS R. atrium L. atrium R. ventricle L. ventricle lungs body heart Pulmonary circuit Systemic circuit

TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS Red Blood Cells – RBC’s – Carry oxygen – hemoglobin White Blood Cells Platelets �WBC’s �clotting �Fight pathogens �Bacteria/viruses �phagocytes �Form clots to stop bleeding

TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS

TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS • Arteries: • Thick, muscular, under high pressure • Carry blood away from heart • Arterioles small arteries • Veins • Thick/thin walls, under low pressure; valves • Return blood to heart • Venules small veins • Capillaries • Small, thin walled • site of gas exchange

PATHWAY THROUGH BLOOD VESSELS Elastic Arteries capillaries Muscular Arteries venules Arterioles veins

TYPES OF CAPILLARIES • Continuous Capillaries • Most common, tight junctions, least permeable • Location: skin & muscle • Fenestrated Capillaries • Porous, high rate of exchange, increased permeability • Location: Kidneys & small intestines • Sinusoidal Capillaries • Large gaps & allows for exchange of large molecules • Most permeable • Location: liver, bone marrow, spleen.

CAPILLARY EXCHANGE • 2 -way movement of fluid between capillaries and tissues • Chemical drop off: Oxygen, glucose, nutrients, hormones • Chemical pick up: Carbon dioxide, ammonia, waste products – Water moves in both directions • Mechanism of movement - Diffusion, transcytosis, filtration, and reabsorption

MAJOR ARTERIES • Carotid Artery – Neck • Descending Aorta – Leaving heart from left ventricle • Brachial Artery – Right and left arm • Iliac Artery – Lower abdomen • Femoral artery – Right and left leg

HEMOSTASIS

CARDIAC OUTPUT • Volume of blood being pumped by the ventricles of the heart per minute • Cardiac output changes with increases/decreases in stroke volume and/or heart rate

FACTORS THAT AFFECT CARDIAC OUTPUT: • Increases/decreases in heart rate: • Neural stimulation (sympathetic & parasympathetic), hormones (epinephrine & thyroxine), ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Ca 2+) • Increases/decreases in stroke volume: • Preload, Preload contractility (positive/negative inotropic factors), afterload

BLOOD PRESSURE Blood Pressure • The amount force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels • Systolic pressure – Pressure in arteries as ventricles contract – Average 120 • Diastolic Pressure – Pressure in arteries during ventricular relaxation. – Average 80

HEART DISEASE hypertension Arteriosclerosis Stroke • High blood pressure �Plaque (fat) on walls of arteries �Blood clot in the brain • Heart works harder • Increased risk – heart attach & stroke �Brain cells die �Brain function lost �Heart attack

Anatomy & Physiology II EOC Exam Review Daily Learning Target: By the end of class, students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the anatomical structures & physiological processes of major body systems as evidenced by review question responses. Anatomy/Physiology II • Sensory Organs – Ear, eye, tongue • Endocrine System – Organs & hormones • Lymphatic System – Lines of defense • Cardiovascular System – Heart, blood vessels, & blood • Respiratory, Digestive & Urinary Systems • Reproductive Systems