Anatomy Physiology I The Integumentary System Instructor Mary

Fig. 1. 3 Levels of Organization Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organelle

Fig. 1. 19 The Eleven Organ Systems Integumentary system Reproductive system A&P II A&P

Definitions Tissue - groups or layers of cells with a common purpose Organ -

Integumentary System Term used to denote the • SKIN and its accessory structures •

Functions of the Integumentary System • Protection • Sensation • Permits movement and growth

Interconnections between the Integumentary and the other 10 Body Systems Skeletal System Lymphatic System

Skin • Thin, relatively flat organ • Classified as a membrane - the cutaneous

© Dr. Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission

Fig. 6. 1 Stratified squamous epithelium Dermal papilla Dense irregular connective tissue 30 x

Epidermis • Composed entirely of stratified squamous epithelium • Lacks blood vessels • Composed

dead Epidermal Layers • Stratum corneum – outermost layer, composed of layers of dead,

Fig. 6. 3 a Epidermal Layers Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum

Fig. 6. 3 b Epidermis Stained and Viewed with Light Microscope Stratum corneum Stratum

Melanocytes • Specialized cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis with long processes

Fig. 6. 4 b Melanocyte Cellular extension of melanocyte Epidermis Pigment granules Golgi apparatus

Fig. 6. 4 a Melanocyte Pigment granule Nucleus Cell membrane 10, 600 x ©

Fig. 6 A Skin Cancers Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma (a) (b) Malignant

Dermis • Made up of two layers Papillary Area has projections up into the

Fig. 6. 2 a Skin and Subcutaneous Layer Hair shaft Sweat gland pore Sweat

Fig. 6. 7 a Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for

Fig. 6. 7 b Hair Follicle Hair follicle Hair root Adipose tissue 175 x

Fig. 6. 8 Hair Shaft Keratinized cells of hair shaft 875 x © CNRI/SPL/Photo

Fig. 6. 6 Lunula Nail bed Nail plate Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies,

Fig. 6. 10 Hair shaft Pore Eccrine And Apocrine Sweat Glands Dermal papilla Sebaceous

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig.

Hairless Skin of Fingertip Pocket Atlas of Cytology, Histology and Microscopic Anatomy Wolfgang Kuhnel

Fig. 6. 12 a Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature Control center Hypothalamus detects the

Fig. 6. 12 b Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature Normal body temperature 37°C (98.

Vitamin D • Functions as a hormone for the incorporation of ingested calcium into

Epidermal Wound Healing From: Tortora & Grabowsky, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 9 th

Fig. 6. 13 Wound Healing Site of injury Blood cells (a) (b) Scab Blood

Deep Wound Healing From: Tortora & Grabowsky, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 9 th

Fig. 6. 14 Rule of Nines Anterior head and neck 41/2% Anterior trunk 18%

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Anatomy & Physiology I The Integumentary System Instructor: Mary Holman

Fig. 1. 3 Levels of Organization Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Organism Cell Tissue Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 1. 19 The Eleven Organ Systems Integumentary system Reproductive system A&P II A&P I Skeletal system Urinary system Muscular system Respiratory system Digestive system Nervous system Lymphatic system Cardiovascular system Endocrine system

Definitions Tissue - groups or layers of cells with a common purpose Organ - two or more different tissues grouped to perform a special function Organ System - a group of organs coordinated to carry out a specialized function

Integumentary System Term used to denote the • SKIN and its accessory structures • Nails • Hair • Skin glands

Functions of the Integumentary System • Protection • Sensation • Permits movement and growth • Endocrine - Vitamin D production • Excretion - Regulation of sweat • Immunity - First line of defense • Temperature regulation

Interconnections between the Integumentary and the other 10 Body Systems Skeletal System Lymphatic System Vitamin D activated by the skin helps provide calcium for bone matrix. The skin, acting as a barrier, provides an important first line of defense for the immune system. Muscular System Page 196 Involuntary muscle contractions (shivering) work with the skin to control body temperature. Muscles act on facial skin to create expressions. Nervous System Digestive System Excess calories may be stored as subcutaneous fat. Vitamin D activated by the skin stimulates dietary calcium absorption. Respiratory System Sensory receptors provide information about the outside world to the nervous system. Nerves control the activity of sweat glands. Endocrine System The skin provides protection, contains sensory organs, and helps control body temperature Hormones help to increase skin blood flow during exercise. Other hormones stimulate either the synthesis or the decomposition of subcutaneous fat. Cardiovascular System Skin blood vessels play a role in regulating body temperature. Stimulation of skin receptors may alter respiratory rate. Urinary System The kidneys help compensate for water and electrolytes lost in sweat. Reproductive System Sensory receptors play an important role in sexual activity and in the suckling reflex. Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Skin • Thin, relatively flat organ • Classified as a membrane - the cutaneous membrane • Two main layers Epidermis - outer, thinner Dermis - inner, thicker • The two layers are separated by a basement membrane

Fig. 6. 1 Stratified squamous epithelium Dermal papilla Dense irregular connective tissue 30 x © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. /Al Telser, photographer Adipose tissue Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Epidermis • Composed entirely of stratified squamous epithelium • Lacks blood vessels • Composed of four, or in the palm and sole, five distinct layers • The outermost layer of cells harden and die in a process called keratinization

dead Epidermal Layers • Stratum corneum – outermost layer, composed of layers of dead, nonnucleated, keratinized cells • Stratum lucidum – on soles and palms only, appears clear • Stratum granulosum -- 3 to 5 layers of flattened, granular cells • Stratum spinosum -- many layers of nucleated cells, becoming flattened, developing keratin fibers • Stratum basale alive –- deepest layer, single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells that are growing and dividing

Fig. 6. 3 a Epidermal Layers Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis (a) Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 6. 3 b Epidermis Stained and Viewed with Light Microscope Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermal papilla Dermis 120 x © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. /Al Telser, photographer Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Melanocytes • Specialized cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis with long processes that extend into the stratum spinosum • Produce the dark pigment melanin which provides skin color • Melanin production is stimulated by ultraviolet radiation

Fig. 6. 4 b Melanocyte Cellular extension of melanocyte Epidermis Pigment granules Golgi apparatus Melanocyte nucleus Basement membrane Dermis Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 6 A Skin Cancers Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma (a) (b) Malignant melanoma (c) a, b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. ; c: © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Dermis • Made up of two layers Papillary Area has projections up into the epidermal layer, provides nutrients to the epidermis via its abundant blood vessels Reticular Area - denser, deeper, main area of the dermis, mat of irregularly arranged fibers resistant to stretching • Nerve endings, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels all reside in the dermis.

Langer’s Cleavage Lines

Fig. 6. 2 a Skin and Subcutaneous Layer Hair shaft Sweat gland pore Sweat Epidermis Stratum corneum Stratum basale Capillary Dermal papilla Basement membrane Dermis Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Sebaceous gland Arrector pili muscle Sweat gland duct Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Hair follicle Subcutaneous layer Sweat gland Nerve cell process Adipose tissue Blood vessels Muscle layer Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 6. 7 a Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hair Follicle Hair shaft Pore Sebaceous gland Arrector pili muscle Hair root (keratinized cells) Hair follicle Eccrine sweat gland Region of cell division Hair papilla Dermal blood vessels (a)

Fig. 6. 7 b Hair Follicle Hair follicle Hair root Adipose tissue 175 x Region of cell division Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. /Al Telser, photographer

Fig. 6. 8 Hair Shaft Keratinized cells of hair shaft 875 x © CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Keratinized squamous cells of epidermis

Fig. 6. 10 Hair shaft Pore Eccrine And Apocrine Sweat Glands Dermal papilla Sebaceous gland Duct Hair follicle Eccrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat gland Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 6. 11 Pore Duct of eccrine sweat gland Sebaceous gland 30 x Eccrine sweat gland © Dr. John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited

Hairless Skin of Fingertip Pocket Atlas of Cytology, Histology and Microscopic Anatomy Wolfgang Kuhnel Sweat Duct Pores 50 x

Fig. 6. 12 a Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature Control center Hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Effectors Dermal blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98. 6°F) Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 6. 12 b Homeostatic Control of Body Temperature Normal body temperature 37°C (98. 6°F) too low Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Effectors Dermal blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. Control center Hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily.

Vitamin D • Functions as a hormone for the incorporation of ingested calcium into the bones • Skin exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun converts pro-Vitamin D to Vitamin D 3 • Vitamin D 3 is then modified in the liver & kidney to Vitamin D • In northern latitudes, many months of the year sun exposure is inadequate for the necessary amount of Vitamin D to be manufactured and supplements containing Vitamin D 3 are necessary

Epidermal Wound Healing From: Tortora & Grabowsky, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 9 th Ed. Pg. 153

Fig. 6. 13 Wound Healing Site of injury Blood cells (a) (b) Scab Blood clot (c) (d) (e) Scab Scar tissue (f) Fibroblasts Copyright © The(f) Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required(g) for reproduction or display.

Deep Wound Healing From: Tortora & Grabowsky, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 9 th Ed. Pg. 153

Fig. 6. 14 Rule of Nines Anterior head and neck 41/2% Anterior trunk 18% Anterior upper extremities 9% 41/2% Anterior and posterior upper extremities 18% Anterior and posterior trunk 36% 41/2% 9% Anterior lower extremities 18% Anterior and posterior head and neck 9% 9% 41/2% Posterior head and neck 41/2% Posterior trunk 18% 41/2% Posterior upper extremities 9% Perineum 1% 9% 9% Anterior and posterior lower extremities 36% 100% Copyright © The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Posterior lower extremities 18%