Anatomy Physiology Chapter 1 Section 1 Levels of
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Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Section 1 Levels of Structural Organization
Essential Question: What are the functions of the organ systems of the human body?
DEFINITIONS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY �THE SCIENCE OF BODY STRUCTURES & THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THEM SCIENCE OF BODY FUNCTIONS
HISTOLOGY EMBRYOLOGY �MICROSCOPIC �STUDY STRUCTURE of TISSUES OF EMBRYOS: FROM THE FERTILIZED EGG 8 TH WEEK of DEVELOPMENT
LEVELS of STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. CHEMICAL CELLULAR TISSUES ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM LEVELS of STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Organ Systems of the Human Body: 1. Integumentary System components Skin Nails Hair Sweat Glands Oil Glands functions Protection Regulates temperature Eliminates waste Vit. D synthesis Contains sensory receptors
Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System components �Bones �Joints �Cartilage functions �Supports & protects body �Surface for muscles to attach �Movement �Vit. D synthesis �Stores minerals & lipids �Houses cells that produce blood cells
Skeletal System
3. Muscular System components functions �Muscles: �Cardiac �Smooth �Skeletal �Produces Movement �Generates Heat
Muscular System
Nervous System function components �Generate Action �Brain Potentials �Spinal cord �Regulates body �Nerves activities �Special senses �Maintains �Vision homeostasis �Hearing �Controls muscle & gland contractions �Touch �Interprets stimuli �Smell �Taste
Nervous System
Endocrine System components functions �Glands �Homeostasis (& cells) that produce Hormones � Hypothalamus � Pituitary � Thyroid � Pancreas � Adrenal � Ovary � Testis � Thymus � Parathyroid � Pineal �Metabolism �Growth & development �Reproduction �Glucose, calcium, phosphorous, iodine levels controlled
Endocrine System
Lymphatic (Immune) System components functions �Lymphatic �Returns Vessels & Fluid �Spleen �Thymus �Lymph Nodes �Tonsils proteins & fluid to blood �Transports lipids �Fights infections �Recognizes “self”
Lymphatic (Immune) System
Cardiovascular System components �Blood �Heart �Blood Vessels: �Arteries �Arterioles �Capillaries �Venules �Veins functions O 2 & nutrients to cells �Carries CO 2 & wastes away from cells �Transports immune system factors �Regulates: �Transports � p. H � Temperature � Water balance
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System components �Lungs �Nose / Throat �Larynx �Trachea �Bronchial Tubes functions �Transfers O 2 from air to blood & CO 2 from blood to exhaled air �Regulates p. H �Produces sound
Respiratory System
Digestive System components �Mouth/Teeth �Tongue �Pharynx �Esophagus �Stomach �Small Intestine �Large Intestine �Anus �Salivary Glands �Liver / Gallbladder �Pancreas functions �Physical & chemical digestion of food �Absorption of Nutrients �Elimination of solid wastes
Digestive System
Excretory (Urinary) System components �Kidneys �Ureters �Urinary Bladder �Urethra functions �Produces, Stores, & Eliminates Urine �Regulates vol. & chemical composition of blood �Helps maintain normal p. H �Helps regulate production of RBCs
Excretory (Urinary) System
Reproductive System functions components �Production of �Male �Testes Gametes �Epididymis offspring �Ductus Deferens �Hormone �Penis production that �Female regulates �Ovaries reproduction & �Fallopian Tubes other body �Uterus/ Cervix processes �Vagina �Vulva
Reproductive System
NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES �INSPECTION �PALPATION �AUSCULTATION �PERCUSSION
Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques AUSCULTATION PERCUSSION �LISTENING �TAPPING TO BODY SOUNDS TO EVALUATE FUNCTIONING OF CERTAIN ORGANS BODY SURFACES WITH FINGER TIPS & LISTENING TO RESULTING ECHO
�WORK WITH A PARTNER AND DECIDE WHAT ARE THE BASIC LIFE PROCESSES OF LIVING HUMAN BEINGS. YOU HAVE 2 MINUTES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. METABOLISM RESPONSIVENESS MOVEMENT GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION REPRODUCTION THERE ARE 6 BASIC LIFE PROCESSES THAT ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF LIVING HUMANS
MOVEMENT �INCLUDES MOTION OF: �WHOLE BODY �INDIVIDUAL ORGANS �CELLS �ORGANELLES
METABOLISM �the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body 1. Catabolism � 2. Breaking down complex substances simpler parts Anabolism � Building up of complex substances from simpler ones
RESPONSIVENESS �THE BODY’S ABILITY TO DETECT & RESPOND TO CHANGE �DIFFERENT CELLS OF THE BODY RESPOND IN CHARACTERISTIC WAYS: �Neurons send action potentials �Muscle fibers contract or relax
GROWTH �an increase in body size due either to: �increase in # of cells �increase in size of cells �both
DIFFERENTIATION �IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CELL FROM UNSPECIALIZED
REPRODUCTION �REFERS TO EITHER 1. NEW CELLS MADE FOR TISSUE GROWTH, REPAIR, OR REPLACEMENT 2. PRODUCTION of a NEW INDIVIDUAL
Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Section 2 HOMEOSTASIS
Essential Question How do negative & positive feedback systems help the body maintain homeostasis?
HOMEOSTASIS �CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (BALANCE) IN THE BODY’S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT DUE TO CEASELESS INTERPLAY OF THE BODY’S MANY REGULATORY PROCESSES
BODY FLUIDS An important part of maintaining homeostasis is keeping the volume & composition of body fluids within normal limits (wnl) �Body Fluids Divided into 2 compartments: ICF � Intracellular fluid (inside cell) 2. ECF � Extracellular Fluid (outside cell) 1.
ICF �In the cytoplasm �Contains dissolved chemicals � Enzymes � Ions (Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, H+) � Glucose, Pyruvate
ECF �Found as �Interstitial fluid (around cells) �Plasma smaller amounts: �Lymph �Cerebral Spinal Fluid �Synovial Fluid �Aqueous Humor �Vitreous Body
Control of Homeostasis �There are constant disruptions to homeostasis from external sources & from internal sources. External Internal Temperature Blood Glucose O 2 after race Strong Emotions
Most commonly the nervous system and/or the endocrine system are in charge of maintaining homeostasis in the body Nervous System Endocrine System �Quick � Slower responder �Usually involves sending action potentials to organs to counteract the deviation from balanced conditions responder � Usually involves secreting hormones (messenger molecules) into blood which delivers them to responding organ
Feedback Loops �Is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Feedback Systems 1. Receptor � 2. Control Center � 3. a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition & send input to a control center Typically is the brain which sets range of values w/in which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates input from receptors, & generates output commands when necessary Effector � body structure that receives input from control center & produces response that acts on controlled condition
Feedback responses are either negative or positive �Would you consider this feedback loop to be (+) or (-)? �
Negative Feedback Loop �Reverses the change in a controlled condition
Positive Feedback Loop �Reinforces the change in the controlled condition
Homeostatic Imbalances Definitions �A disorder is any abnormality of structure or function �A disease is a specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms �Diagnosis is the science & skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
Homeostatic Imbalances Definitions-2 �A symptom is a subjective change in body function that is not apparent to an observer �A sign is an objective change that can be measured by an observer �Epidemiology: the science that deals with why, when, & where diseases occur
Work with a partner and decide which of the following are signs and which are symptoms �Fever �Rash �Nausea �Hunger �Low blood sugar �Anxiety �Pain �Itch
Signs & Symptoms SIGNS SYMPTOMS �FEVER �ITCH �RASH �NAUSEA �LOW �ANXIETY BLOOD SUGAR �HUNGER �PAIN
Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Section 3 ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are the correct anatomical descriptive terms for: cavities of the body, & the planes, sections, and directional terms of the body?
Anatomical Position �Subject is: �Standing erect, facing observer �Head is level, eyes open & looking forward, jaw relaxed �Feet flat on floor & toes forward �Arms at side with palms forward
Anatomical Position
What is wrong with these examples of “anatomical position”?
SUPINE �BODY IS LYING FACE UP
PRONE �BODY IS LYING FACE DOWN
REGIONAL NAMES
Regional Names 1. Head � � 2. Neck � 3. chest, abdomen, pelvis Upper limbs � 5. supports & attaches head to trunk Trunk � 4. Face: front of head Skull: encloses & protects brain shoulder, axilla, arm, lower arm, wrist, & hand Lower limbs � � buttock, thigh, knee, lower leg, ankle, & foot SEE HANDOUTS FOR COMPLETE LISTING
Directional Terms (many have opposite meanings) 1. anterior � 2. 3. nearer to front superior � closer to midline posterior � 2. toward head or upper part of a structure medial � 1. inferior � 3. nearer to back away from head or lower part of a structure lateral � farther from midline
Directional Terms-2 distal � nearer to farther from attachment of limb attachment of to trunk limb to trunk 2. ipsilateral 2. contralateral 1. proximal � 3. On same side of body as another structure superficial � toward or at surface 1. � � on opposite side of body as another structure 3. deep � away from surface
BODY PLANES � are imaginary cuts through the body or organs � Need to know: �sagittal �midsagittal �parasagittal �frontal/ coronal �transverse/axial/ horizontal �oblique
Body or Tissue Sections �One flat surface of a 3 -D structure or a cut along a plane
Body Cavities �are spaces w/in the body that helps protect, separate, & support internal organs �bones, muscles, ligaments, and membranes help separate body cavities
The Cranial Cavity �formed by skull �protects brain
The Vertebral Cavity �formed by vertebrae �protects spinal cord & beginning of spinal nerves
The Thoracic Cavity �formed by �ribs �chest muscles �sternum �thoracic vertebrae �within it are 3 smaller cavities: 1. pleural cavity 2. pericardial cavity 3. mediastinum
The Thoracic Cavity
The Pleural Cavities �there are 2, right, left �each surrounds a lung �serous membrane of the pleural cavity is called the pleura
Serous Membranes �Covers the organs (viscera) of the thoracic & abdominal cavities & lines the walls of thorax & abdomen �Parietal layer: lines the walls �Visceral layer: covers the organs �Serous Fluid: thin, watery, fluid separates the two reducing friction
The Pericardial Cavity �surrounds �serous heart of pericardial cavity is the pericardium
Medistinum �in central portion of thoracic cavity between lungs �extends from sternum to vertebrae & from neck to diaphragm �contains: �heart �thymus �esophagus �trachea �large blood vessels
Mediastinum
The Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity Contains: �Stomach �Spleen �Liver �Gallbladder �Small Intestine �most of Large Intestine serous membrane called peritoneum
Pelvic Cavity Contains: �Urinary Bladder �part of Large Intestine �internal organs of reproduction
Abdominopelvic Quadrants �To insure communication clinicians divide abdomen into 4 quadrants by drawing imaginary lines through umbilicus � Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) � Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) � Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) � Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Regions & Quadrants of Abdomen
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Chapter 1 Section 4 MEDICAL IMAGING
Essential Question: How would you describe the importance of medical imaging procedures in the evaluation of organ functions and the diagnosis of disease?
MEDICAL IMAGING � 1. X-RAYS �AVAILABLE SINCE THE 1940’S �shoot single barrage of X-Rays through body producing image of interior structures on X-Ray sensitive film
X-Rays Advantages 1. 2. 3. 4. inexpensive quick simple to perform provide significant information Disadvantages 1. 2. less detail than other options chronic exposure causes cancer
2. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan �is computer-assisted radiography in which xray beam traces an arc at many angles around a section of the body �result is a transverse section of body
CT Scan Advantages 1. 2. 3. visualizes soft tissues & organs with more detail can build 3 -D views of structures effective as a screening tool Disadvantages �expensive �equipment large �more highly skilled technicians required
CT Scan Machine
3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI �Body is exposed to high-energy magnetic field which causes all the protons (H+) in body fluids & tissues to align with poles of magnetic field �Then a pulse of radio waves “reads” these ion patterns & creates a colorcoded image
MRI Image & Machine
MRI Advantages 1. 2. 3. shows finer detail for soft tissues safer (no x-rays) can measure blood flow (heart vessels, brain) Disadvantages �expensive �large machine �cannot use for patients with metal in their body �highly skilled technicians
4. Ultrasound or Sonogram �high-frequency sound waves reflect off body tissues �image may be still or moving
Ultrasound Disadvantages Advantages 1. small portable 1. best for organs that machines have a pocket of 2. safe, even in fluid to create pregnancy “echo” 3. can observe organs 2. cannot go through in action bone
5. Positron Emission Tomography PET Scan �Positrons = + charged particle �Patient is injected with substance that contains positrons �Positrons collide with (-) charged electrons in body tissues which produces gamma rays �Gamma rays are photographed by gamma cameras creating image
PET Scan
PET Scan Advantages 1. can study the physiology of an organ Disadvantages 1. 2. 3. large machine expensive highly skilled technicians
SINGLE-PHOTON-EMISSION COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY SPECT � radioactive substance is injected into a vein & carried to the tissue to be studied � computer constructs an image � greater the intensity of color on image the more active the tissue is
SPECT Advantages 1. 2. studies activity of organ or tissue useful for heart, kidney, thyroid, lungs, liver Disadvantages 1. 2. 3. very expensive large machine highly skilled technicians
ENDOSCOPY �visual examination of inside of body cavity or organs using a lighted instrument with lenses �image is viewed through an eyepiece or on monitor
Endoscopy Advantages 1. direct visualization so can biopsy, remove, or monitor pathology in tissue Disadvantages 1. invasive procedure so add risk of injury, infection, unintended damage to organ or tissue
Types of Endoscopy Examples 1. 2. 3. Colonoscopy Arthroscopy Laparoscopy Target 1. 2. 3. colon synovial joint abdominopelvic cavity
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