Anatomy Physiology Chapter 1 Body Orientation History of

Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1: Body Orientation

History of Anatomy Galen • Greek anatomist (2 nd century) • Not allowed to dissect humans (superstition) • Wrote anatomy text that was accepted for 1400 years (based on dissection of apes, oxen, bear).

History of Anatomy Leonardo Da Vinci • 1452 - 1519 • Illegitimate birth • Expert in all areas of science (at the time) • Wrote anatomy text during last 15 years of his life • Published nothing

History of Anatomy Andreas Vesalius 1514 -1564 Born in Holland Worked in France, Italy Wrote De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) • Based in human dissections (criminals) • Considered to be the father of modern Anatomy • •

I. Introduction: anatomy physiology • study of body structure • (apart/to cut) • 2 parts • Study of body function • Structure determines function – Gross – seen with unaided eye – Microscopic (histology)– study of structure at cell and tissue level

II. Functions of Systems A. Integumentary – made of skin, hair, nails 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Protection Homeostasis of body temp Excretes wastes Perceive environment stimuli Vitamin D producer (UV light)

II. Functions of Systems B. Skeletal – bones, cartilage, ligaments 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Support and protection Movement Muscle attachment Blood cell formation Stores minerals (Ca & P) Removes some poisons from blood

II. Functions of Systems C. Muscular system – consists of skeletal muscles only and tendons 1. Movement – contraction of fibers 2. Produce body heat 3. Body support and posture

II. Functions of Systems D. Nervous system – consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sensing and response to stimuli Ability to reason Memory Emotions Integrates body systems

II. Functions of Systems E. Respiratory system – consists of diaphragm, lungs (trachea, bronchi) 1. Exchange O 2 & CO 2 2. Voice and verbal communication (larynx)

II. Functions of Systems F. Digestive system – consists of tongue, teeth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas – Make food diffusible to the blood, for use by cells

II. Functions of Systems G. Urinary (excretory) system – consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder , urethra 1. Filters waste from blood 2. Removed in urine

II. Functions of Systems H. Reproductive system – two categories of function 1. Cytogenic – cell producing (gametes) 2. Endocrinic – hormone producing • Testes – male • Ovaries - female

II. Functions of Systems I. Endocrine system – consists of ductless glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, pancreas, gonads) 1. Produces chemical hormones 2. Control growth, development, regulation of body processes (ex: insulin, thyroxine)

III. Direction Terms A. All are relative 1. Anatomical position – standard • Body erect, feet on floor and spread, head and palms facing forward 2. Always used as reference point B. anterior - toward front of body or part C. posterior - toward back of body or part

III. Direction Terms D. medial – nearer to vertical midline of body E. lateral – farther away from vertical midline

III. Direction Terms F. superficial – nearer to body surface G. deep – lies inward, away from body surface

III. Direction Terms H. proximal – nearer to the trunk 1. used in reference to extremities I. distal – further away from the trunk

IV. Sections and Planes A. median plane (midsagittal) – leads to a sagittal section (front to back) cut separating body into equal right and left halves B. frontal (coronal) plane – cut to produce front or rear portions – leads to a frontal section

IV. Sections and Planes C. transverse plane – leads to cross-section (cut in a horizontal direction) visible human project

V. Surface Anatomy (regional terms) A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. nasal – nose area oral – mouth cervical – neck region thoracic – chest region abdominal – anterior body trunk, inferior to ribs umbilical – navel area pubic – genital region patellar – anterior knee orbital – eye area

V. Surface Anatomy (regional terms) J. K. L. M. N. O. sternal – breastbone area brachial - arm carpal - wrist digital – fingers, toes femoral - thigh tarsal – ankle region

V. Surface Anatomy (regional terms) P. Q. R. S. T. U. occipital – posterior surface of head cephalic – head area deltoid – curve of shoulder scapular – shoulder blade region vertebral – area of the spine lumbar – area of back between hip and ribs V. gluteal – buttocks area W. popliteal – posterior knee X. sural – posterior of lower leg (calf)

VI. Body Cavities • Dorsal body cavity – Cranial cavity – Spinal cavity • Ventral body cavity – Thoracic cavity • Heart, lungs – Abdominopelvic cavity • Stomach, liver, intestines, reproductive organs, bladder, rectum