Anatomy of the Cell Cells differ 200 types

The Nucleus - Control center Contains genetic material (DNA) – Nuclear envelope w/ pores

Chromatin • Composed of DNA and protein • Scattered throughout the nucleus • Chromatin

Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Makes proteins, membranes Transport vesicle buds off 4 Riboso me

• The Golgi complex finishes, sorts, and ships cell products Golgi apparatus “Receiving”

Lysosomes • sacs of digestive enzymes – digest food. bacteria LYSOSOME – recycle damaged

Rough ER Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Plasma membrane Golgi apparatus Engulfment of

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • synthesizes lipids • regulates carbohydrate metabolism (liver) • breaks down

• cellular respiration provides energy Mitochondrion Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Cristae

Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3. 4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin

The CYTOSKELETON helps organize a cell’s structure and activities • network of protein fibers

Cilia and flagella • appendages that protrude from certain cells • Function: movement •

• Animal cells - surrounded by an extracellular matrix – sticky layer of

Plasma Membrane Specializations • Microvilli – increase surface area for absorption • Membrane junctions

Cells and Tissues • Cells = building blocks of all living things • Carry

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Anatomy of the Cell • Cells differ (200 types), but share general structures • Cells are organized into three main regions – Nucleus – Cytoplasm – Plasma membrane Figure 3. 1 a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

nucleus nuclear pores

Chromatin • Composed of DNA and protein • Scattered throughout the nucleus • Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Makes proteins, membranes Transport vesicle buds off 4 Riboso me Sug ar chai n 1 3 Glycopro 2 tein Secretory (glyco-) protein inside transport vesicle ROUGH ER Polypept ide Figure 4. 8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The Golgi complex finishes, sorts, and ships cell products Golgi apparatus “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from the Golgi Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4. 10

Lysosomes • sacs of digestive enzymes – digest food. bacteria LYSOSOME – recycle damaged organelles Nucleus – embryonic development – waste storage Pombe’s disease - glycogen Tay-Sachs disease - lipids Figure 4. 11 A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Rough ER Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Plasma membrane Golgi apparatus Engulfment of particle Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle “Food” LYSOSOMES Food vacuole Figure 4. 11 B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestion

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • synthesizes lipids • regulates carbohydrate metabolism (liver) • breaks down toxins and drugs (liver) • Stores Ca++ in muscle cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• cellular respiration provides energy Mitochondrion Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Cristae Figure 4. 16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Matrix

The CYTOSKELETON helps organize a cell’s structure and activities • network of protein fibers - microfilaments, microtubules Figure 4. 17 A Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cilia and flagella • appendages that protrude from certain cells • Function: movement • Made of microtubules wrapped in the plasma membrane • Centrioles - movement of chromosomes in cell division Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Animal cells - surrounded by an extracellular matrix – sticky layer of glycoproteins – binds cells together in tissues – protects and support cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plasma Membrane Specializations • Microvilli – increase surface area for absorption • Membrane junctions – Tight junctions – Desmosomes – Gap junctions Figure 3. 3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cells and Tissues • Cells = building blocks of all living things • Carry out chemical activities needed for life • Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings