Anatomy and Physiology of the Musculoskeletal System Skeletal

Anatomy and Physiology of the Musculoskeletal System • Skeletal Tissue and Structure – Give the body its structural form – Protect vital organs – Promote efficient movement despite the forces of gravity – Store salts and other materials needed for metabolism – Produce red blood cells Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Musculoskeletal System • Bone Structure – Diaphysis – Epiphysis • End of a long bone – Metaphysis • Between epiphysis and diaphysis • Growth plate – Medullary canal • Contains bone marrow – Periosteum • Fibrous covering of diaphysis – Cartilage • Connective tissue that provides a smooth articulation surface for other bones Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Anatomy and Physiology of the Musculoskeletal System • Joint Structure – Joint • Where bones interact – Synarthrosis • A joint that does not permit movement – Diarthroses (synovial joints) • Monaxial: hinge or pivot joints • Biaxial: gliding, sliding, or saddle joints • Triaxial: ball and socket joints – Ligaments – Joint capsule • Synovial fluid Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Joint Structure (1 of 2) Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Joint Structure (2 of 2) Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Anatomy and Physiology of the Musculoskeletal System (1 of 3) • Skeletal Organization – 206 bones – Axial skeleton • Head, thorax, and spine – Appendicular skeleton • Upper extremities • Lower extremities Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Anatomy and Physiology of the Musculoskeletal System (2 of 3) • Bone Aging – Birth to adult (18– 20) • Transition from flexible to firm bone – Adult to elderly (40+) • Reduction in collagen matrix and calcium salts • Diminution of bone strength • Spinal curvature Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Anatomy and Physiology of the Musculoskeletal System (3 of 3) • Types of Muscles – Smooth – Striated – Cardiac • Muscular Tissue and Structure – 600 muscle groups Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Muscles Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Musculoskeletal System Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Pathophysiology of the Musculoskeletal System (1 of 5) • • Muscular Injury Contusion Compartment Syndrome Penetrating Injury Fatigue Muscle Cramp Muscle Spasm Strain Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Pathophysiology of the Musculoskeletal System (2 of 5) • Joint Injury – Sprain – Subluxation – Dislocation • Bone Injury – – – Open fracture Closed fracture Hairline fracture Impacted fracture Transverse Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Pathophysiology of the Musculoskeletal System (3 of 5) • Pediatric Considerations – Flexible nature • Geriatric Considerations – Osteoporosis • Pathological Fractures – Pathological diseases Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Pathophysiology of the Musculoskeletal System (4 of 5) • General Considerations with Musculoskeletal Injuries – Neurological compromise – Decreased stability – Muscle spasm • Bone Repair Cycle – Osteocytes produce osteoblasts – Deposition of salts – Increasing strength of matrix Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,

Pathophysiology of the Musculoskeletal System (5 of 5) • Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions – Bursitis – Tendonitis – Arthritis • Osteoarthritis – Degenerative • Rheumatoid arthritis – Chronic, systemic, progressive, debilitating • Gout – Inflammation of joints produced by accumulation of uric acid crystals Bledsoe et al. , Essentials of Paramedic Care: Division 1 II © 2006 by Pearson Education,