Anatomy and Physiology Mosby items and derived items

Outline • • • Terminology The Respiratory System The Circulatory System The Nervous System The Musculoskeletal System The Integumentary System Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Why A and P? • One of the responsibilities of an EMS provider is patient assessment • Finding signs of illness and injury requires knowing the normal structure and function of the body Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Terminology Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an

Respiratory System • The function of the respiratory system is of utmost importance in patient assessment and patient care Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

The to Therespiratorysystem works to constantly thecellsofofthe constantly supply the body andeliminate body with oxygen and carbon dioxidefromthe thebody carbon dioxide Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Respiratory System Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. ,

Upper Respiratory Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. ,

Lower Respiratory Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. ,

Aveoli Bronchiole Alveoli Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc.

Diaphragm • An important muscle in breathing • Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen • Under involuntary control – Can temporarily override its function voluntarily Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Diaphragm Function Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. ,

Infant and Child Airway • Structures are smaller and easily obstructed • Tongue is larger and may block airway • Trachea is softer and may be obstructed by bending the neck too far backward Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Comparison of the diameter of the child’s trachea versus the adult’s. Adult (20 mm)

Airway / Respiratory Problems in Children • Primary cause of cardiac arrest in children is an uncorrected airway or respiratory problem • Airway deserves utmost attention in patient assessment and treatment Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Circulatory System • Pump – Heart • Pipes – Arteries – Capillaries – Veins

Internal View of Heart Atria Ventricles Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004

Atrium • Right Atrium – Receives deoxygenated blood from body through vena cavae Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. • Left Atrium – Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein

Ventricles • Right Ventricle • Left Ventricle – Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium – Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium – Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery – Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Arteries • Carry blood away from the heart • High pressure • Pulse wave generated with every heartbeat • Pulse: Pulse wave in artery close to skin Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Major Arteries Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. ,

Aorta • Body’s main artery • Leaves left ventricle • Branches into smaller arteries – Carotid – Femoral – Radial – Brachial Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Pulse Points Carotid artery Brachial artery Radial artery Femoral artery Mosby items and derived

Capillaries • Smallest arteries lead to microscopic capillaries • Surround cells of the body • Very thin walls • O 2 and CO 2 move through them to be exchanged between the body and the atmosphere Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Veins • Capillaries lead to smallest veins • Smaller veins empty into larger ones • Vena cavae (largest veins) empty into the right atrium • Pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Major Veins External jugular Inferior vena cava Femoral vein Great saphenous Mosby items and

Blood • Plasma (carries blood cells) • Red blood cells (Carry O 2) • White blood cells (fight infection) • Platelets (blood clotting) Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Nervous System • Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain – Spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Motor nerves – Sensory nerves Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

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Musculoskeletal System • Gives body shape • Gives body support • Protects internal organs • Provides for movement Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Skull Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an

• Injury to spinal cord may cause: – Weakness – Numbness – Tingling – Paralysis from site of injury down – Injury to the spinal cord in the neck may paralyze the muscles used for breathing Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Bones of the Thorax • Protects heart and lungs • Injuries to thorax may

Pelvis • Hip bones are large and heavy • May be associated with internal injuries and massive internal bleeding when fractured (broken) Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Extremities Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an

Joints • Point of contact between bones such as at the elbow, hip, or

Muscle Types • Skeletal – Voluntary • Smooth – Involuntary – Found in organs such as intestines • Cardiac – Only found in heart Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Major Muscles Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. ,

Skin • Largest organ in the body Mosby items and derived items © 2007,

Skin • Protects the body from the environment • Helps regulate body temperature • Has many nerve endings to provide the brain with information about the environment Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Other Body Systems • Gastrointestinal (Digestive) • Genitourinary – Urinary and Reproductive Systems • Endocrine • Lymphatic Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Summary • This is a limited overview of the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of the human body • The human body is very complex and interesting • Further study of anatomy and physiology is recommended Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.