ANATOMICAL POSITIONS REFERENCE PLANES AND MOVEMENTS ANATOMICAL POSITIONS

ANATOMICAL POSITIONS, REFERENCE PLANES AND MOVEMENTS

ANATOMICAL POSITIONS THE SKELETAL SYSTEM • SKELETAL SYSTEM CONSISTS OF: • BONES • CARTILAGES AND • JOINTS • FORMED BY ATTACHMENTS TO EACH OTHER BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE • THREE TYPES OF TISSUES • BONE TISSUE • CARTILAGE TISSUE • HEMOPOIETIC TISSUES • RESPONSIBLE FORMING BLOOD CELLS Tayyari, F. , Smith, J. , (2003). Occupational Ergonomics: Principals and applications. Kluwar Academic Publishers.

ANATOMICAL POSITIONS THE SKELETAL SYSTEM • FUNCTION OF BONES • SUPPORT BODY FRAMEWORK • PROVIDE SHELL TO PROTECT VITAL ORGANS • ALLOW MOVEMENT OF THE BODY • HOUSING BONE MARROW • PRODUCES RED BLOOD CELLS • STORING CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS Tayyari, F. , Smith, J. , (2003). Occupational Ergonomics: Principals and applications. Kluwar Academic Publishers.

Anatomical Positions The Skeletal System UPPER EXTREMITIES • LONG BONES • HUMERUS • RADIUS • ULNA • METACARPALS • PHALANGES • SHORT BONES • CARPALS

Anatomical Positions The Skeletal System LOWER EXTREMITIES • LONG BONES • FEMUR • TIBIA • FIBULA • PELVIC BONE

Anatomical Positions The Skeletal System SHOULDER AND CHEST • ACROMION • STERNUM • SCAPULA • CLAVICAL

Anatomical Positions The Skeletal System PELVIS • ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY • ILLIAC CREST Right Bone Pelvic Male Pelvic Girdle

ANATOMICAL POSITIONS BASIC TERMINOLOGY Tayyari, F. , Smith, J. , (2003). Occupational Ergonomics: Principals and applications. Kluwar Academic Publishers.

Anatomical Positions Basic Terminology Reference Planes § Sagittal plane § Mid sagittal (median) plane § Coronal (frontal) plane § Transverse plane § Oblique plane Tayyari, F. , Smith, J. , (2003). Occupational Ergonomics: Principals and applications. Kluwar Academic Publishers.

• Frontal (Coronal )plane divides the body into front and back halves • Saggital düzlem divides the body into left and right halves • Transversal düzlem divides the body into superior and inferior halves

Joint Range of Motion • FLEXION • MOVEMENT WHICH DECREASES ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES • EXTENSION • STRETCHING OR STRAIGHTENING WHICH INCREASES ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES

Joint Range of Motion Rotation – Movement of a bone around its axis Pronation – Medial rotation of body member Supination – Lateral rotation of the body (Adapted from I. A. Kapandji. The Physiology of the Joint, 1970, p. 105)

Joint Range of Motion • RADIAL DEVIATION • “ABDUCTION OF WRIST” • MOVEMENT OF THE FINGER TOWARD THE RADIUS (MOVING WRIST TOWARDS “THUMB SIDE”) • ULNAR DEVIATION • “ADDUCTION OF WRIST” • MOVEMENT OF THE FINGER TOWARD THE ULNAR (MOVING WRIST TOWARDS “PINKIE SIDE) Freivalds A. , (2009). Niebel’s Methods, Standards, and Work Design. Mc. Graw-Hill

Joint Range of Motion • ABDUCTION • MOVEMENT AWAY LATERALLY FROM THE CENTRAL AXIS OF THE BODY • ADDUCTION • MOVEMENT TOWARD THE CENTRAL AXIS OF THE BODY Freivalds A. , (2009). Niebel’s Methods, Standards, and Work Design. Mc. Graw-Hill

Joint Range of Motion • CIRCUMDUCTION • AN ACTION WHICH INVOLVES • FLEXION • EXTENSION • ABDUCTION • EXTENSION • ADDUCTION IN SEQUENCE Sirkumdüksiyon, kol veya bacağın, tepesi eklem noktasında olan, kaidesi ise uzun serbest ucu tarafından çizilen daire tarafından oluşan bir koni çizer şekilde havada sallanmasıdır. Freivalds A. , (2009). Niebel’s Methods, Standards, and Work Design. Mc. Graw-Hill

Joint Range of Motion Pheasant, S. , Haslegrave, C. , (2006). Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics, and the Design of Work. Taylor and Francis Group.

JOINT RANGE OF MOTION Ulnar Deviation (Transverse plane) Gonyometre- Goniometer Wrist Flexion (Sagittal plane)

FACTORS AFFECTING MUSCLE STRENGTH Biological factors Environmental factors - Age - Gender - Race - Body build - Body position - Handedness - Fatigue - Exercise - Health - Diet - Drugs - Diurnal variations - Altitude - Acceleration Psychological factors - Motivation - Emotional state Occupational factors - Occupation - Clothing and personal equipment - Workplace equipment