ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS BODY PLANES Abduction movement away from
ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS & BODY PLANES
� Abduction – movement away from the median plane around an anterior-posterior axis with the angle between the displaced parts becoming greater, as in lifting the arm sideward away from the body � Action – in physiology, the motions or functions of a part or organ of the body � Adduction – movement towards the median plane around an anterior-posterior axis with the angle between the displaced parts becoming lesser, as in bringing the arm sideward against the body
� Anatomical Position – the neutral stance of the individual; standing, facing forward with arms at the sides and palms facing forward � Anterior or Ventral – the front of the body or body part � Circumduction – is movement around the horizontal and longitudinal axis of a joint during which the distal end of the bone circumscribes the base of an imaginary cone and proximal end forms the apex, as in swinging the arms in a circle
� Depression (down) – just the opposite, as in lowering the shoulder � Distal – farthest from a point of reference (opposite of proximal) � Dorsiflexion – the act of drawing the toe or foot toward the dorsal aspect of the proximally conjoined body segment � Dorsal – upper surface (e. g. top of foot) � Dorsum – the back side of the hand
� Elevation (up) – as in lifting the shoulder up � Eversion – turning the sole of the foot outward � Extension – is the reverse movement during which the angle between the anterior aspects of the displaced parts is increased as in moving the forearm away from the upper arm � External or peripheral – means near the surface
� External rotation – turning outwardly or away from the midline of the body � Flexion – movement around a transverse axis in an anterior-posterior plane with the angle between the anterior aspects of the displaced parts becoming smaller as in bending the forearm toward the arm at the elbow joint � Hyper (prefix) – meaning too much � Hyperextension – in excess of normal extension
� Hyperflexion – in excess of normal flexion � Inferior – toward the bottom of the body or body part � Insertion – muscle attachment to a bone that moves � Internal – refers to a deeper position � Internal rotation – the turning of a limb toward the midline of the body � Inversion – turning the sole of the foot inward
� Lateral – away from the midline of the body � Major – means greater or larger � Medial – toward the midline of the body � Mid sagittal or median – divides the body into equal and symmetrical right and left halves � Minor – means lesser or smaller � Origin – the fixed end or attachment of muscle
� Palmar – ventral aspect of the hand (palm of the hand) � Plantar – ventral aspect of the foot (sole of the foot) � Plantar flexion – the act of drawing the toe or foot toward the plantar aspect of the proximally conjoined body segment � Posterior or dorsal – the back of the body or body part
� Pronation – is medial rotation of the forearm as in turning the palm of the hand downward � Prone – face down, horizontal position of the body � Protraction – (forward) as in bring the shoulder forward � Proximal – nearest to the point of attachment, origin or other point of reference
� Range of motion (ROM) – the extent to which a body part can move through all of its planes of movement � Retraction (backward) – as in pulling the shoulder back and thus bringing the shoulder blades together � Superficial – toward the surface of the body � Superior – toward the top of the body or body part
� Supination – is lateral rotation of the forearm, as in turning the palm of the hand up ward � Supine – lying on the back face upward, opposed to prone � Valgus – position of a body part that is bent outward � Varus – position of a body part that is bent inward
� Ventral – bottom surface (opposite of dorsal) � Volar – ventral aspect of the hand
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