ANATOMI PERBANDINGAN VERTEBRATA Novi Febrianti SEKILAS ANATOMI Anatomi

ANATOMI PERBANDINGAN VERTEBRATA Novi Febrianti

SEKILAS ANATOMI • Anatomi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti memotong • Istilah-istilah anatomi berasal dari bahasa Yunani dan Latin

Cabang –cabang Anatomi: • Microscopic anatomy/Anatomi mikroskopis (Sitologi, Histologi) • Developmental anatomy/Anatomi perkembangan (Embriologi) • Comparative anatomy/Anatomi perbandingan

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY • Mempelajari susunan tubuh hewan vertebrata • Membandingkan susunan organ tubuh antar kelas pada sub phylum vertebrata • Tubuh hewan terbagi menjadi : - caput / chepala : kepala - collum / cervix : leher - trunchus : badan - cauda : ekor - extremitas : anggota badan bebas ^ ant / pos ^ sup / inv

TERMINOLOGI • • • Anterior – posterior (arah) Superior – inferior (arah) Dorsal : daerah punggung Ventral : daerah perut Lateral : daerah samping / sisi Cranial : daerah kepala Caudal : daerah ekor Abdominal : daerah badan Thoracal : daerah dada (dalam dada)

TERMINOLOGI • • Sinister : kiri Dexter : kanan Medial : daerah tengah Linea mediana : garis tengah tubuh Proximal : lebih kearah / dekat LM Distal : lebih menjauhi LM Origo : titik pangkal tidak bergerak Insersio : : menimbulkan gerak

TERMINOLOGI • • • Organ analog Mayor = besar Minor = kecil Pectoral : dada Pelvis : punggung bawah Bilateral simetri

Simetri tubuh Dorsal Bidang simetri Posterior Dorsal Ventral Simetri radial Anterior Ventral Simetri bilateral

Tiga kelompok hewan triploblastik Cacing pipih Cacing gilig Mesoderm (otot) Ektoderm Endoderm (usus) Mesoderm (otot) Mesenkim Aselomata Pseudoselomata Cacing tanah Ektoderm Mesoderm (otot) Selom Organ internal Endoderm (usus) Mesoderm (peritoneum) Selomata Pseudoselom Organ internal

Sistem penyokong tubuh hewan Cangkang luar Tubuh lintah dibentuk oleh cairan di dalam tubuhnya Endoskeleton Eksoskeleton

Sistem tubuh pada hewan Saluran kelamin Usus bagian dari sistem saluran pencernaan Otak kecil Lambung Otak sederhana dengan dua ganglion Ovarium Testis Notokorda berada di sepanjang tubuh bagian ventral Otak besar Ginjal Paru-paru Jantung Usus Pembuluh darah Eksoskeleton Kelenjar pencernaan

PHYLUM CHORDATA Ciri – ciri : • Adanya dorsal tubular nerve cord, pada keadaan embrio, larva atau seumur hidup. • Mempunyai notochord, minimal pada fase embrio • Pada dinding pharynx ada lubang/celah-celah pada keadaan larva atau seumur hidup (pharyngeal slits). • Mempunyai ekor

Anatomy of a Chordate

Subphylum Urochordata • sea squirts or tunicates • notochord present only in free-swimming • notochord does not extend into head • larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding • adult is sessile filter feeder larvum

Subphylum Urochordata • sea squirts or tunicate • Campbell p 631 • Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence. Attaches at anterior end. Metamorphosis begins. Body turns 1800. Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, disappear.

Subphylum Cephalochordata • “head” cord • lancelet or Amphioxus • notochord present throughout life – extends into head region • shallow marine waters • chordate characteristics developed and apparent in adult • tail has blocks of muscles called myotomes • adults resemble tunicate larvum

Anatomy of a lancelet

Cephalochordat a: lancelet

Subphylum Vertebrata General Characteristics: • • chordates with a backbone exhibit cephalization closed circulatory system neural crest (p. 633)

Subphylum Vertebrata Agnatha (without jaws) • lamprey – parasitic bloodsuckers w/ rasping tongue • hagfish – mainly scavengers • no paired appendages • larvum resembles lancelet

Agnatha: a sea lamprey

Lamprey mouth

Subphylum Vertebrata Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) • flexible endoskeletons of cartilage strengthened by calcium granules • sharks (internal fertilization) ▫ oviparous – egg laying ▫ ovoviviparous – retain fertilized eggs hatch within the uterus ▫ viviparous – young develop in the uterus • suspension-feeders (plankton)

Cephalochordat a: lancelet

Subphylum Vertebrata Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) • Bottom feeders – mollusks & crustaceans • Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)

Subphylum Vertebrata Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) • Bottom feeders – mollusks & crustaceans • Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs (defense)

Subphylum Vertebrata Osteichthyes (bony fishes) • Endoskeleton of hard calcium phosphate matrix • Operculum- protective flap • Swim bladder – controls buoyancy

Seahorse

Subphylum Vertebrata Amphibia (“two lives”) • first tetrapods • transition to land – still tied to water for respiration and reproduction • Gills lungs (metamorphosis) • Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts

Subphylum Vertebrata Reptilia (Campbell, p. 644) (to creep) • lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, Gila monsters, crocodiles, alligators • first true land animal • Scales, lungs, amniotic egg • no feathers • cold-blooded – ectotherms – (energy conservation)

Hatching reptile

Subphylum Vertebrata Fossil links………… • Evolutionary link ? ? between reptiles and birds: Archaeopteryx , a Jurassuc birdreptile • Clawed forelimbs • Teeth • Long tail w/ vertebrae

Archaeoptery x

Subphylum Vertebrata Aves (bird) • feathered • few flightless: ostrich, kiwi, emu • breastbone with keel – carina – permitting flight • jays, sparrows, warblers, etc

Subphylum Vertebrata Mammalia (breast) • • • Hair or fur of keratin Active metabolism = endothermic Efficient respiration w/ diaphragm Efficient circulation w/ 4 -chambered heart Layer of fat Mammary glands, tooth differentiation

Subphylum Vertebrata Mammalia (breast) • Monotremes – egg-laying mammals (Platypuses & echidnas – spiny anteaters) • Placental mammals • Marsupial mammals – kangaroo, opossum

Marsupial Placental Marsupial & Placental Mammals