ANAPHORA IN ENGLISH VS ANAPHORA IN ARABIC By

ANAPHORA IN ENGLISH VS. ANAPHORA IN ARABIC. By: Eman J. Musallsam. Rasha I. Kalloub.

THE OUTLINE: Anaphora in English the meaning of anaphora the importance of anaphora the devices of English anaphora Anaphora in Arabic the meaning of Arabic anaphora types of Arabic anaphora Similarities and differences between English anaphora and Arabic anaphora Errors committed by students

A. ANAPHORA IN ENGLISH What is the meaning of anaphora? Example: 1 - Soha went to the cinema yesterday. She didn’t like the film. 2 - Ahmed looked out the window. The sky looked threatening , so he decided to take an umbrella.

THE IMPORTANCE OF ANAPHORA Example: A large gray cat was lying on the stairs , and I had to step over a large gray cat. * A large grey cat was lying on the stairs , and I had to step over it.

DEVICES OF ENGLISH ANAPHORA. 1. Pronouns For example: Once upon a time there was an old woman who had a lazy son. She was forever scolding him. But it made no difference – he spent all his time lying in the sunshine , ignoring her. His main job was to look after her goats, but he preferred to sleep in the sun.

2. Definiteness Once upon a time , there was an old woman who had a lazy daughter. The woman used to scold the daughter all day long. An old woman ----- the woman A lazy daughter ----- the daughter

3. lexical relationship Example: Once upon a time an old king was very ill. The old man sent for his councilors when they came before him , their ruler told them that he wanted to divide his kingdom.

4. Ellipsis . For example : They didn’t want to go into the water , and he didn’t force them.

ARABIC ANAPHORA What is Arabic anaphora? Types of Arabic anaphora.

1. The pronominal anaphora A. A third person pronoun( )ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ The disjoint personal pronoun The joint personal pronoun - -

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC ANAPHORA A. the similarities: -Lexical , verbal , comparative , indirect , and zero anaphora are included in both languages. -the clearest type is the pronominal as it is used widely in both languages. -The other common type is the verbal one: I miss you I do too.

zero anaphora : Ali writes , reads , and listens to music ; the subject of " reads, listen " is hidden but refers t Ali so that it is called zero anaphora.

ENGLISH AND ARABIC DIFFER IN MANY CASES: According to the gender: First : in Arabic. Second: in English

According to: The number: The third person English Arabic pronoun Singular "F+M" It _ "F" She "ﻫﻲ F“ “M” he “M” ﻫﻮ Dual “F+ M” they Plural "F+M" They "M+F" ﻫﻤﺎ "ﻫﻢ M“ “ﻫﻦ F”

INTRA-LINGUAL AND INTER-LINGUAL PROBLEMS What do we mean by Intra-lingual and inter-lingual problems? First: intra- lingual problems. Second: inter- lingual problems: -“is there an omitted pronoun ? “ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺕ / ﺍﻷﻮﻻﺩ ﻳﻜﺘﺒﻮﻥ / ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﺒﺎﻥ / ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺖ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ / ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ : . ﻳﻜﺘﺒﻦ He write/ she write/ they write.

- Irrational pronoun "it” - ﻛﺸﻒ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻦ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺒﻮﺍ ﺣﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ . ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﻴﻦ A report in a scientific magazine revealed that researchers produced genetically engineered coffee grains which they say that she contains less quantities of the caffeine.

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