Analytic Philosophy Logic and the dream of a
- Slides: 28
Analytic Philosophy
Logic and the dream of a precise and unambiguous language • Leibniz and the Characteristica universalis and the Calculus ratiocinator
Gottlob Frege (1848 -1925) University of Jena • Recognized as father of analytic philosophy • Logicism (reduction of mathematics to pure logic; i. e. no psychologism or intuition) • Quantification theory
Frege’s Begriffschrift
Jena
Jena
C. S. Peirce • • • Truth table method Quantification theory Theory of relations Modal logic 3 -valued logic
Peirce’s existential graphs
Harvard, Cambridge Mass. Sever Hall
Bertrand Russell (1872 -1970) University of Cambridge • Logicism • Principia Mathematica 1910 -13 with Alfred North Whitehead • 1916 dismissed from Cambridge and imprisoned during Great War for pacifism
University of Cambridge
Vienna (Wien) Austria
The Vienna Circle (Der Wiener Kreiss) • Logical Empiricism/ Logical Positivism • Mathematics, Modern Symbolic Logic & Natural Sciences (theory of relativity, quantum physics) • Hume’s relations of ideas & matters of fact • “When we run over our libraries persuaded of these [empiricist] principles, what havoc must we make? If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number [math]. No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence [natural science]. No. Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion. ” David Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)
Moritz Schlick (1882 -1936) • Founder of the Vienna Circle • Murdered by a former student and Nazi for his Jewish sympathies • Metaphysics results from a confusion over language; pseudoproblems
Einstein & Gödel
Kurt Gödel (1906 -78) • Member, Vienna Circle • Mathematician, logician • Completeness proof 1 st-order predicate logic; incompleteness theorems -> trouble for the logicist program
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889 -1951)
Wittgenstein • • • Studied with Russell at Cambridge (1911 -13) on Frege’s advice Fought for Austria in Great War (1914 -18) POW in Italy; writes Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus Some-time member Vienna Circle 20’s 1929 return to Cambridge, DPhil for Tractatus 1936 -37 Norway, writes Philosophical Investigations ‘ 39 -Cambridge professor becomes British citizen (as a Jew not comfortable in Nazi Austria) Philosophical puzzles result from misapplications of our ordinary uses of language ‘Language games’; ‘forms of life’; pragmatic approach
Rise of Hitler and the National Socialists 1933 -1945
Heidegger (1889 -1976) • • Philosophy of Being; Dasein Member of Nazi party • “Highly eccentric in its terminology, his philosophy is extremely obscure. One cannot help suspecting that language here is running riot. An interesting point in his speculations is the insistence that nothingness is something positive. As with much else in Existentialism, this is a psychological observation made to pass for logic. ” Russell, Wisdom of the West, 303
Alfred Jules Ayer (1910 -1989) Oxford • Visit with the Vienna Circle 1932 -33 • Language Truth and Logic 1936 • Verifiability theory of meaning (any statement that cannot be verified is meaningless)
Willard Van Orman Quine (1908 -2000) Harvard University • Ph. D under Whitehead on PM • Visit with Vienna Circle 1932 -33 • “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” • “Epistemology naturalized”
Hilary Putnam (1926 -) Harvard • Mathematics, Logic and Philosophy • Reason, Truth and History 1980 • Critique of ‘metaphysical realism’ (the ‘God’s eye view’) • ‘Internal realism’ (realism from within a conceptual scheme/language)
Richard Rorty (1931 -2007) Stanford Major critic of analytic philosophy Though analytically trained himself Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature 1980
Language and the World • How does language ‘hook onto’ the world? • Can there be one uniquely true account of reality? • Or are there multiple accounts/descriptions suitable for distinct purposes? E. g. scientific, spiritual/religious • Is this relativism? What of objectivity?
Analytic Philosophy Today
- Analytic philosophy of education
- Analytic philosophy of education
- To dream the impossible dream poem
- Types of imagery in poetry
- Branches of logic
- Mathematics philosophy
- Example of a deductive argument
- First order logic vs propositional logic
- First order logic vs propositional logic
- First order logic vs propositional logic
- Combinational logic vs sequential logic
- Cryptarithmetic problem logic+logic=prolog
- Combinational logic sequential logic 차이
- Majority circuit
- Combinational logic sequential logic 차이
- If x = 0 and y = 1, which output line is enabled?
- Features of a rubric
- Analytic induction and grounded theory
- Holistic and analytic rubrics difference
- Thesourceagents
- Chapter 9 conic sections and analytic geometry
- Scr rubric
- Holistic and analytic rubrics difference
- Define analytic phonics
- Synthetic bible study method
- Analytic vs holistic rubric
- Chapter 9 conic sections and analytic geometry
- Neoanalytic approach
- Hình ảnh bộ gõ cơ thể búng tay