ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY METAPHOR METONYMY OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY METAPHOR METONYMY OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE New England Holocaust Memorial in Boston Lorn Clement, J. D. , ASLA Landscape Architecture Kansas State University

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY Expanding a conceptual framework Narrative theory and figurative language as a means of constructing meaning METAPHOR Stories (content and expression) METONYMY create impressions, organize experience, and create memories OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Design strategies Naming Sequencing Revealing & concealing Gathering Opening Realms Story Inter-textual Discursive Narrative Tropes

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY METAPHOR METONYMY OXYMORON PARADOX Four major tropes in LN (shortlist) metaphor metonymy synecdoche irony Forms of transference, ‘carrying over’ meaning from one term to another, ‘turning’ our language from the literal to the figurative … PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Tropes Utility of expanding the list: more concepts, strategies, ideas precision in communication

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY Bernstein, The Careful Writer Thirty one entries in list of “rhetorical figures and faults” allegory and alliteration to zeugma METAPHOR METONYMY Parallels of thought and expression in the visual and literary arts OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Parallels Layout of slides: Verbal definition and example Visual example and explanation

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY Aristotle, Poetics, ‘proportional metaphor’ Comparison of components in parallel, relationship is key Usually used for explanation: METAPHOR “The garden walls surround space in the same way that a parent’s arms hold a baby. ” METONYMY Distinguish simile, which uses ‘like’, consider metaphor to be one implied OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Analogy Zipper walks at Nelson Atkins Museum; Dan Kiley Functional concern: linking major parts of the spatial composition

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS Juxtaposition of opposites Pope: “The learn’d is happy nature to explore; the fool is happy that he knows no more. ” IRONY METAPHOR Hegelian dialectical reasoning: thesis, antithesis, synthesis METONYMY OXYMORON PARADOX Bloedel Reserve; Richard Haag Spatial sequence PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Antithesis (garden of planes); moss garden; reflection garden Intellect … gut … spirit … zen experience / transcendence

ANALOGY Incongruity between expectations or appearance, and reality … In-betweenness ANTITHESIS IRONY Subdivision names (toponyms) for the natural resources lost by development METAPHOR METONYMY OXYMORON PARADOX Photo by Alan Ward PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Splice Garden; Martha Schwartz Gene splicing, green plastic … questioning traditional notions … manipulation of Nature Discrepancy b/t ideal and real Greater diversity; less consistency in the interpretive community: ironies abound Irony

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY METAPHOR Direct substitution and identity Comparison without word “like” Intellectual illumination with emotional response Fewest parts “Life is a dream” METONYMY OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Poetic vs. prosaic purpose Aristotle, three fundamental categories of language: – Logic (to explain, to be clear) – Rhetoric (to persuade) – Poetry (to inspire) Holocaust Memorial in Boston; Stanley Saitowitz Six; steam rising; glass; Krystalnacht Metaphor

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS Uses concrete or tangible terms to convey abstract or intangible states – ‘the heart’ for ‘the emotions’ IRONY METAPHOR METONYMY Dominant trope in landscape architecture Association by location – Historic preservation of sites (events, periods, people, styles) OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Metonomy Magnolia leaf for Bessie Smith Ross’s Landing, TN; S. I. T. E. , EDAW, Stan Townsend Double-entendre

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY METAPHOR METONYMY Nonsensical or self-contradictory pairing – “Conspicuously absent” – “bittersweet” or “chiaroscuro” Polarity … dynamic equilibrium? Humor OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Oxymoron Shuttlecocks at the Nelson-Atkins; Clas Oldenburg Scale jump Reflection

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY METAPHOR METONYMY Seemingly contradictory or absurd, but well-founded or true “Don’t it always seem to go, you don’t know what you’ve got ‘til its gone …” Joni Mitchell, Big Yellow Taxi Unity of Opposites? OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Paradox Gas Works Park, Seattle; Richard Haag Recreational amenity and/or environmental threat?

ANALOGY Endowing lifeless objects or ideas with human form or characteristics Treib: “… long driven underground by the ANTITHESIS IRONY onslaught of urbanity, suburbanity and modern technology, the genius [loci] was a bit hesitant to reemerge in the 20 th century sunlight, and as a result, came out squinting. ” METAPHOR METONYMY OXYMORON PARADOX Drawing by Machado & Silvetti PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Personification Portal Building, Wagner Park, NYC; Machado and Silvetti Embodying “a private contemplative individual … with a set of references to the body … to support the inscription of the individual in the park. ” Berrizbeitia and Pollack

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY Fragment represents the whole, or … vice versa – hands for workers – wheels for cars – indicator species in LN METAPHOR METONYMY OXYMORON Relating individual phenomena into a more integral whole versus a literal or reductive nature (metonymy) PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Walls as moving thresholds, boundaries KSU campus; reflection on the growth of the institution over time Synecdoche

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY METAPHOR METONYMY Bernstein … dangers in use of allegory: 1) Obscurity, 2) Unskillful presentation, or 3) Obviousness Increasingly diverse interpretive community OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Cautionary note Increasingly a-literate culture

ANALOGY Terence Hawkes on the expansion of lists: ANTITHESIS IRONY METAPHOR “Of course it would be possible greatly to extend and complicate the list… But it is doubtful whether much is to be gained from this when it comes to the practical application of them …” METONYMY OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Cautionary note “The distinctions between the categories become so finely drawn … it becomes impossible to use them without a simple-minded ‘reduction’ of the work they are intended to illuminate. ”

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY METAPHOR METONYMY OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Conclusion More tropes: more strategies, concepts, ideas … stronger critical thought; more precise communication; and better criticism Places are palimpsests, over-written texts Hirsch on reading poetry: Making, constructing meaning: a collaborative process between writer and reader (Treib, Must Landscapes Mean? ) Evolution of meaning and inevitable change do not preclude a profound experience of place

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY Concentrate on the activity and doing of projects versus an array of verbal categories Rely on intuition as much as intellect METAPHOR METONYMY OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Conclusion Engage design processes fully, freely, with numerous iterations, multiple drafts Describe, analyze, and interpret carefully, be the purpose to: e x p l a i n p e r s u a d e i n s p i r e ____________________

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY METAPHOR METONYMY OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Bernstein, Theodore M. 1968. The Careful Writer: A modern guide to English usage. New York: Atheneum. Berrizbeitia, Anita and Linda Pollack. 1999. Inside Outside: Between Architecture and Landscape. Gloucester, MA: Rockport. Burke, Kenneth. 1969. Essay entitled “Four Master Tropes” in A Grammar of Motives, Los Angeles, U. C. Press. Chatman, Seymour. 1978. Story and Discourse: Narrative structure in fiction and film, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Harmon, William. 2000 A Handbook to Literature, 8 th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hawkes, Terence. 1972. Metaphor. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. Hines, Susan. 2004. “Back to the drawing board: Diana Balmori urges landscape architects to rediscover the language of ideas, ” Landscape Architecture Hirsch, Edward. 1999. How to Read a Poem. New York: Harcourt. Potteiger, Matthew and Jamie Purinton. 1998. Landscape Narratives: Design practices for telling stories. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Saunders, William S. , ed. 1998. Richard Haag: Bloedel Reserve and Gas Works Park, Landscape Views I, New York: Princeton Architectural Press with Harvard University Graduate School of Design. Literature Cited

ANALOGY ANTITHESIS IRONY METAPHOR METONYMY OXYMORON PARADOX PERSONIFICATION SYNECDOCHE Bloedel Reserve: Zen Garden that replaced the Garden of Planes designed by Richard Haag