ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 1 Introduction to electronics

ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 1 -Introduction to electronics. 2 -Analogue electronics. 3 -Digital electronics. - Electricity and electronics. - Past, present and future. - From analogue to digital systems. - Resistors. - Capacitors. - Diodes. - Transistors. - Real circuits. - The binary numeral system. - Boolean logic. Logic gates. - Logic circuits. - Simulation work. Revision Assessment Slide 1

1. 1 - Electricity and electronics. 1. Do you know the names of these objects? slide Slide 2

1. Do you know the names of these objects? Light bulb Mp 3 -player Hair dryer Television Radio Computer (Electric) fan Drill slide Slide 3

2. Complete the definitions of electronic and electrical technology. Electrical technology energy Electronics _____ is the branch of science and _____ that deals with electrical circuits applied to information and signal processing. ______ technology deals with the generation, distribution, switching, storage and conversion of electrical ______. slide Slide 4

2. Complete the definitions of electronic and electrical technology. Electrical technology energy Electronics is the branch of science and technology that deals with electrical circuits applied to information and signal processing. Electrical technology deals with the generation, distribution, switching, storage and conversion of electrical energy. slide Slide 5

3. Classify the objects from the first activity as electrical or electronic. Electrical Electronic I think it is an electric device because it converts electric energy. Is a light bulb an electronic or electrical device? I think it is an electronic device because it processes information. slide Slide 6

3. Classify the objects from the first activity as electrical or electronic. Electrical Light bulb Electronic Mp 3 -player Hair dryer Radio (Electric) fan Computer Drill Television I think it is an electric device because it converts electric energy. Is a light bulb an electronic or electrical device? I think it is an electronic device because it processes information. slide Slide 7

1. 2 - Past, present and future of electronics. 4. Match these pictures with their names and definitions. A miniaturized electronic circuit manufactured on a substrate of semiconductor material. Transistors A device used to amplify and switch electrical signals by controlling the movement of electrons in a low-pressure tube. Integrated circuits A solid semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. Vacuum tubes slide Slide 8

4. Match these pictures with their names and definitions. A miniaturized electronic circuit manufactured on a substrate of semiconductor material. Transistors A device used to amplify and switch electrical signals by controlling the movement of electrons in a low-pressure tube. Integrated circuits A solid semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. Vacuum tubes slide Slide 9

Summary of the history of electronics Electronics originated from electrical science at the beginning of the 20 th century. In 1883, Thomas Alva Edison discovered thermionic effect. Electrons flow from one metal conductor to another through a vacuum. In 1904, T. A. Fleming built the first vacuum tubes. These devices can amplify electrical signals. The first applications of electron tubes were in radio communications. Vacuum tubes made weak audio signals from radio waves stronger. Radio broadcasting grew in the 1920 s. Development of the television benefited from many improvements made to radar during World War II. Television became widely available in 1947. After the war, electron tubes were used to develop the first computers, but they were impractical because of the sizes of the electronic components. slide Slide 10

In 1947, the transistor was invented by a team of engineers from Bell Laboratories. The transistor works like the vacuum tube, but it is smaller, consumes less power, is much more reliable, and is cheaper. Around 1960, the first integrated circuits were made. Integrated circuits are also called microchips, or IC. The typical IC consists of resistors, capacitors, and transistors packed on a single piece of silicon. Microcomputers, microwave ovens and mobile phones are examples of devices made possible by integrated circuits. In 1971, INTEL manufactured the first microprocessor with 2300 transistors. By 2009, the number of transistors in some microchips was more than 10 billion. At the moment, scientists are working on molecular electronics, optical and quantum computing. These and other emerging technologies will bring developments that we cannot imagine. slide Slide 11

5. Find out what year these things happened by reading the text. Place them on the timeline. a) _ _ Invention of the vacuum tube. d) _ _ Start of radio broadcasting. b) _ _ Invention of the transistor. e) _ _ Start of black and white television. c) _ _ First microchip. f) _ _ First mobile phone in your family. a) 1900 1920 1940 1960 slide 1980 2000 Slide 12

5. Find out what year these things happened by reading the text. Place them on the timeline. a) 1904 Invention of the vacuum tube. d) 1920 Start of radio broadcasting. b) 1947 Invention of the transistor. e) 1947 Start of black and white television. . c) 1960 First microchip. f) _ _ First mobile phone in your family. a) 1900 d) 1920 b) e) 1940 c) 1960 slide f) 1980 2000 Slide 13

6. Fill in the gaps with data from the text. Date Invention Applications 1904 1947 Transistor 1960 The microprocessor was invented in 1971. Its applications are …. slide Slide 14

6. Fill in the gaps with data from the text. Date Invention Applications 1904 Vacuum tubes To amplify electric signals 1947 Transistor To amplify electric signals 1960 Integrated circuit Microcomputers, mobile phones The microprocessor was invented in 1971. Its applications are …. slide Slide 15

7. Look at these pictures and listen to the text. U 1 a 7. mp 3 Video about e-waste from Greenpeace. slide Slide 16

7. Answer the questions below. a) What is e-waste? E-waste is. . b) Where does most e-waste go? Most e-waste is exported to. . . c) Do you think e-waste is toxic? . . . because electronic products contain heavy metals such as lead and mercury and hazardous chemicals. d) E-waste will be a bigger problem in the future because more and more people use more and more electronic devices and change them more often. Talk to your partner and try to find a solution to the e-waste problem. • Governments should. . . • We all should. . . • Electronic products should. . . slide Slide 17

7. Answer the questions below. a) What is e-waste? E-waste is old electronic rubbish. b) Where does most e-waste go? Most e-waste is exported to poor countries in Asia and Africa. c) Do you think e-waste is toxic? I think it is toxic because electronic products contain heavy metals such as lead and mercury and hazardous chemicals. d) E-waste will be a bigger problem in the future because more and more people use more and more electronic devices and change them more often. Talk to your partner and try to find a solution to the e-waste problem. • Governments should. . . • We all should. . . • Electronic products should. . . slide Slide 18

1. 3 - From analogue to digital electronic systems. Any electronic device can be thought of as three linked parts – input, process, output. In electronics we use a block diagram to represent the parts of a tronic system. INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT • The input part takes in energy of some form and produces an electrical signal. • The process part modifies or does some calculations with the electrical signal. • The output part produces a new energy output from the processed electrical signal. slide Slide 19

8. Label the objects by using the language bank below and identify the input and output block for each one. Output Input Process MICROPHONE MEGAPHONE It converts sound to electrical signals. ELECTRONICS LOUDSPEAKER It processes electrical signals. It converts electrical signals to sound. ELECTRONICS It processes electrical signals. Slide 20

8. Label the objects by using the language bank below and identify the input and output block for each one. ELECTRONICS It processes electrical signals. slide Slide 21

8. Label the objects by using the language bank below and identify the input and output block for each one. Output Input Process MICROPHONE MEGAPHONE It converts sound to electrical signals. AERIAL RADIO Takes in electromagnetic waves and produces an electric al signal. ELECTRONICS LOUDSPEAKER It processes electrical signals It converts electrical signals to sound ELECTRONICS It processes electrical signals LOUDSPEAKER It transforms electrical signals to sound Slide 22

8. Label the objects by using the language bank below and identify the input and output block for each one. TEMPERATURE SENSOR DIGITAL THERMOMETER Senses changes in temperature and produces an electrical signal. ELECTRONICS It processes electrical signals. KEYPAD CALCULATOR Push-buttons that generate electrical signals. ELECTRONICS It processes electrical signals. slide TEMPERATURE DISPLAY It gives a readout of temperature. DISPLAY SCREEN It converts electrical signals to visible numbers. Slide 23

Electronic signals can be analogue or digital. § An ANALOGUE signal continually changes and can have any value in a given range. § A DIGITAL signal can only have certain, discrete values. § DIGITAL BINARY signals are a subgroup of digital signals that can have only two states, ON (1) or OFF (0). There are no values in between. slide Slide 24

9. Label these signals as analogue, digital or digital binary. Match the sentences with arrows. signal time The dashed signal is The continuous signal is The dotted signal is time digital binary analogue digital slide because it has any value. because it has only two values because it has only certain values. Slide 25

9. Label these signals as analogue, digital or digital binary. Match the sentences with arrows. signal analogue d. binary digital time The dashed signal is The continuous signal is The dotted signal is time digital binary analogue digital slide because it has any value. because it has only two values because it has only certain values. Slide 26

10. Can you write the names of the following objects in the diagram? 1) th _ _ _ et_ _ 2) digital analogue binary d_ _ ay 3) s_ _ h What do you call object 1? Is it analogue or digital? Why? It is a. . I think it is. . . because. . . slide Slide 27

10. Can you write the names of the following objects in the diagram? digital analogue display binary thermometer switch What do you call object a? Is it analogue or digital? Why? It is a. . I think it is. . . because. . . slide Slide 28

11. Heading: _______________________ Signals in nature analogue. For example _____________(a). It is analogue because it can be any value. ___________________(b): • They can be converted to numbers and easily ___________ (a). • They are easy to store and to compress using mathematical algorithms. • Noise ____________ (b) as much as to analogue signals. When data is transmitted, processed or stored a certain amount of NOISE ______________ (a). With an analogue signal, noise cannot be _____________ (b). We have distortion. In a digital signal, noise will not matter, as any signal close enough to a particular value will be interpreted as that value. slide Slide 29

11. Heading: Advantages of digital signals and noise. Signals in nature analogue. For example, sound is an air pressure wave(a). It is analogue because it can be any value. Digital signals have many advantages(b): • They can be converted to numbers and easily processed by computers (a). • They are easy to store and to compress using mathematical algorithms. • Noise does not affect them (b) as much as to analogue signals. When data is transmitted, processed or stored a certain amount of NOISE enters into the signal (a). With an analogue signal, noise cannot be distinguished from the original signal (b). We have distortion. In a digital signal, noise will not matter, as any signal close enough to a particular value will be interpreted as that value. slide Slide 30

11. Draw the original signal in colour. Which one is more difficult to rebuild? time The. . . signal is easier to reproduce because it can have only. . . values. slide Slide 31

11. Draw the original signal in colour. Which one is more difficult to rebuild? ? time The digital binary signal is easier to reproduce because it can have only two values. slide Slide 32

12. Listen to the text about the analogue-digital conversion process and fill in the gaps. u 1 a 12. mp 3 Analogue signals are processed by analogue _____ and digital signals are processed by _____ circuits. In between, we can use these electronic circuits to _______ from analogue to digital and vice versa. • ADC: analogue-to-digital converters • DAC: digital-to-analogue converters For example, we can get _____ with a microphone and analogue electronics. Then an ADC converts this signal to digital _____. This data can be ______ and stored in a digital format, such as ____. Home electronics used to be analogue but nowadays everything is mainly digital. So, we have digital TV, digital photography, digital ______, etc. … 001010111111…. Analogue INPUT ADC Digital PROCESS OR STORAGE slide DAC Analogue OUTPUT Slide 33

12. Listen to the text about the analogue-digital conversion process and fill in the gaps. Analogue signals are processed by analogue circuits and digital signals are processed by digital circuits. In between, we can use these electronic circuits to convert from analogue to digital and vice versa. • ADC: analogue-to-digital converters • DAC: digital-to-analogue converters For example, we can get sound with a microphone and analogue electronics. Then an ADC converts this signal to digital data. This data can be processed and stored in a digital format, such as mp 3. Home electronics used to be analogue but nowadays everything is mainly digital. So, we have digital TV, digital photography, digital audio, etc. … 001010111111…. Analogue INPUT ADC Digital PROCESS OR STORAGE slide DAC Analogue OUTPUT Slide 34

12. Circle the right answer. a) b) c) d) DAC stands for analogue-digital-conversion. Modern electronics is mostly digital. To play mp 3 music we have to use a DAC. Sound is a digital signal. slide Slide 35

12 Circle the right answer. a) b) c) d) DAC stands for analogue-digital-conversion. Modern electronics is mostly digital. To play mp 3 music we have to use a DAC. Sound is a digital signal. … 001010111111…. Digital Mp 3 music DAC slide Analogue OUTPUT Slide 36

13. Decide if these sentences are true or false. If they are false change them so that they are true. T/F T/F T/F A cassette tape is the digital evolution of a CD (compact disc). . . . . . DVB (digital video broadcasting) has no noise because it is an analogue signal. . . . . . Analogue photography can be easily modified, compressed and transmitted. . . . . . An ADC converts digital signals to analogue. . . . . . Digital electronic systems are older than analogue systems. . . . . . All digital signals are binary signals. . . . . . slide Slide 37

13. Decide if these sentences are true or false. If they are false change them so that they are true. T/F T/F T/F A cassette tape is the digital evolution of a CD (compact disc). A CD is the digital evolution of a cassette tape. DVB (digital video broadcasting) has no noise because it is an analogue signal. DVB has no noise because it is a digital signal. Analogue photography can be easily modified, compressed and transmitted. Digital photography can be easily modified, compressed and transmitted. An ADC converts digital signals to analogue. An ADC converts analogue signals to digital. Digital electronic systems are older than analogue systems. Digital electronic systems are newer than analogue systems. All digital signals are binary signals. All binary signals are digital signals. slide Slide 38

In the next unit you are going to learn more about analogue electronic circuits. Before you move on make sure that you can answer yes to all these questions. QUESTION No More or less Yes Can I order the main developments in electronics and say what decade they happened? Do I know what problems e-waste can cause and how to avoid them? Can I draw a block diagram for a basic electronic system? Can I give examples of analogue, digital and binary signals? Can I compare analogue and digital systems? slide Slide 39