Anabolic steroids Expected Lecture Outcomes Respond to the
Anabolic steroids Expected Lecture Outcomes Ø Respond to the abuse of anabolic steroids. Ø Acquire knowledge about the various ADRs of steroids. Ø Develop protocol for managing steroid abuse.
ANABOLIC STEROIDS Androgens , one of a group of steroid hormones, including Testosterone, Androsterone and Dihydrotestosterone stimulate the development of male sex organs and male secondary sexual characteristics(beard growth, deepening of voice and muscle development). Anabolic Steroids are synthetic forms of male sex hormones. are examples for anabolic steroids.
MECHANISM OF TOXICITY: The hormone/receptor complex binds to DNA and stimulates the synthesis of specific RNAs and proteins. It should get converted into DHT (Di Hydro Testosterone) to influence reproductive organs. Testosterone analogs that cannot be converted to DHT have less effect on the reproductive system than they do on the skeletal musculature.
THERAPEUTIC USES: Androgenic effects: Androgenic steroids are used in males with inadequate androgen secretion. Anabolic effects: Anabolic steroids can be used to treat senile osteoporosis and severe burns, to speed recovery from surgery or from chronic debilitating diseases, and to counteract the catabolic effects of externally administered adrenal cortical hormones. Growth: Androgens are used in conjunction with other hormones to promote skeletal growth in prepubertal boys with pituitary dwarfism. Endometriosis: Danazol , a mild androgen, is used in the treatment of endometriosis (ectopic growth of the endometrium). UNAPPROVED USE: Androgenic steroids are used to increase lean body mass, muscle strength and aggressiveness in athletes and body builders
ADVERSE EFFECTS: In males: Excess androgens can cause priapism, impotence, decreased spermatogenesis, and gynecomastia. In children: Androgens can cause growth disturbances resulting from premature closing of the epiphyseal plates and abnormal sexual maturation. It increase the risk for premature coronary heart disease. Androgens can also cause fluid retention leading to edema. In athletes: Use of anabolic steroids, (for example, nandrolone or stanozolol , by athletes can cause premature closing of the epiphysis of the long bones, which interrupts development. The high doses taken by these young athletes may result in hepatic abnormalities, increased aggression / roid rage, and psychotic episodes.
Treatment Psychiatric counseling and supportive measures under strict medical supervision.
Air pollution Expected Lecture Outcomes Ø List populations more susceptible to air pollutants Ø Describe how various air pollutants affects the human body. Ø Differentiate good and bad ozones
Air pollutants Illnesses may result from chemical irritation of the respiratory tract, with certain sensitive subpopulations being more affected: (1) Very young children, whose respiratory and circulatory systems are poorly developed, (2) The elderly, whose cardiorespiratory systems function poorly. (3) People with cardiorespiratory diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and heart disease. (4) Heavy smokers are also affected more adversely by air pollutants.
Carbon monoxide combines readily with hemoglobin (Hb) to form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), thus preventing the transfer of oxygen to tissues. The affinity of hemoglobin for CO is approximately 210 times its affinity for oxygen. A blood concentration of 5% COHb, is associated with cardiovascular effects. Concentrations of 100 ppm can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, and breathing difficulties. An acute concentration of 1000 ppm is invariably fatal. Carbon monoxide levels during acute traffic congestion have been known to be as high as 400 ppm; in addition, people who smoke elevate their total body burden of CO as compared with nonsmokers.
Sulfur dioxide is a common component of polluted air that results primarily from the industrial combustion of coal, with soft coal containing the highest levels of sulfur. The sulfur oxides tend to adhere to air particles and enter the inner respiratory tract, where they are not effectively removed. In the respiratory tract, SO 2 combines readily with water to form sulfurous acid, resulting In irritation of mucous membranes and bronchial constriction. This irritation in turn increases the sensitivity of the airway to other airborne toxicants.
Nitrogen oxides Nitrogen Oxides. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), a gas found in photochemical smog ( Smoke+ fog) {Reaction between sunlight and air pollutants like HC and Nitrogen oxides}, is also a pulmonary irritant and is known to lead to pulmonary edema and hemorrhage. The main issue of concern is its contribution to the formation of photochemical smog and ozone, although nitrogen oxides also contribute to acid deposition.
Hydrocarbons (HCs) or Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). These are derived primarily from two sources: approximately 50% are derived from trees as a result of the respiration process (biogenic); the other 45% to 50% comes from the combustion of fuel and from vapor from gasoline. Many gasoline pumps now have VOC recovery devices to reduce pollution.
LEAD Lead. One of the most familiar of the particulates in air pollutants is lead, with young children and fetuses being the most susceptible. Lead can impair renal function, interfere with the development of red blood cells, and impair the nervous system, leading to mental retardation and even blindness. The two most common routes of exposure to lead are inhalation and ingestion. It is estimated that approximately 20% of the total body burden of lead comes from inhalation.
SOLID PARTICLES Solid Particles. Dust and fibers from coal, clay, glass, asbestos, and minerals can lead to scarring or fibrosis of the lung lining. Pneumoconiosis, a condition common among coal miners that breathe coal dust, silicosis caused by breathing silica-containing dusts, and asbestosis from asbestos fibers are all well-known industrial pollution diseases.
Ozone At this point it is worth distinguishing between “good” and “bad” ozone. Tropospheric ozone occurs from 0 to 10 miles above the earth’s surface, and is harmful. Stratospheric ozone, located about 30 miles above the earth’s surface, is responsible for filtering out incoming UV radiation and thus is beneficial. It is the decrease in the stratospheric ozone layer that has been of much concern recently. It is estimated that a 1% decrease in stratospheric ozone will increase the amount of UV radiation reaching the earth’s surface by 2% and cause a 10% increase in skin cancer.
Ozone Major contributors to damage to stratospheric ozone are thought to be the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Chlorine is removed from the CFC compounds in the upper atmosphere by reaction with UV light and is then able to destroy the stratospheric ozone through self-perpetuating free radical reactions. Before being inactivated by nitrogen dioxide or methane, each chlorine atom can destroy up to 10, 000 molecules of ozone. Use of CFC compounds is now being phased out by international agreements.
Measures to reduce air pollution Assignment 2: Submit your opinion on current status and measures to prevent air pollution.
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