An Introduction to Richard III and the Wars

An Introduction to Richard III and the Wars of the Roses University of Leicester www. le. ac. uk

Edward III Edward, The Black Prince Lionel, Duke of Clarence Richard II Phillipa, Countess of Ulster Henry IV Roger, Earl of March Henry V Edmund, Earl of March Anne Mortimer Cecily Neville Edward IV Henry VII (Tudor) Queen Elizabeth (Woodville) Elizabeth of York Edmund, Duke of York Richard, Earl of Cambridge Henry VI Margaret of Anjou Richard, Duke of York Edmund, Earl of Rutland Edward V John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster George, Duke of Clarence Richard, Duke of York Richard III (Duke of Gloucester) Anne Neville Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales Prince Edward

Who was Richard III? Richard Plantagenet (1411 -1460), Duke of York m. Cecily Neville (1415 -1495) Anne of York (1439 -1467) Edward IV (1442 -1483) Edmund (1443 -1460)) Elizabeth (1444 -1503) Margaret (1446 -1503)) George (1449 -1478) Richard III (1452 -1485)

Places where Richard grew up • Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire and Ludlow Castle with his family. • As a hostage in the house of the Duchess of Buckingham when he was 7 years old. • In Fastolf Place in London, opposite the Tower of London when he was 8 years old.

• The Low Countries when he was 8 years old for a year with his brother George. • At court with his brother, King Edward IV, between the ages of 9 and 13. • Middleham Castle in Yorkshire to learn how to be a knight when he was 13 years old.

Titles and Duties At the age of 9 in 1461 Duke of Gloucester At the age of 10 in 1462 – Constable of Gloucester and Corfe Castles Governor of the North

When he was 17 in 1469 – Constable of England Chief Justice of North Wales Chief Steward and Chamberlain of Wales

When he was 19 in 1471 Great Chamberlain and Lord High Admiral of England High Sherif of Cumberland Lieutenant of the North and Commander-in Chief against the Scots Warden of the West Marches

Richard’s battles in the Wars of the Roses 1471 The Battle of Barnet 1471 The Battle of Tewkesbury

Times of Peace 1471 -1483 Council of the North 1472 War with Scotland 1480 Recapture of Berwick-on-Tweed 1482

Lord Protector of England 1483 Edward IV died on 9 th April 1483. His eldest son, Edward, was 12 years old. He would become King Edward V. Edward IV named Richard, Lord Protector of England to look after the country until Edward V was old enough to rule himself.

What happened next… Richard went to London He put his nephews, Edward V and Richard in the Tower of London He had the marriage of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville declared invalid He declared himself rightful heir to the throne and became King Richard III

King of England 1483 -1485 The Court of Requests Bail The College of Arms Laws to be written in English and not French

1484 to 1485 In 1484, Richard III’s son Edward died. In 1485, Richard III’s wife, Anne died. Henry Tudor decided to invade England.

The Battle of Bosworth 22 nd August 1485 Henry Tudor brought his army from France and Wales. Richard and his army met him at Bosworth Field, but some of Richard’s army did not get into the battle. Richard lost the battle and Henry Tudor was declared king.