An Interdisciplinary 3 D Cadastre Development Project in

An Interdisciplinary 3 D Cadastre Development Project in Practice Joseph FORRAI and Gili KIRSCHNER Survey of Israel

OUTLINE 1. RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND 2. THE 3 DCad R&D PROJECT 3. A SUPPORTING LEGAL REALITY 4. THE INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH STAFF 5. PROJECT MANAGEMENT 6. THE MAIN TASKS OF THE FIRST PROJECT-SEMESTER 7. THE BASIC CONCEPT 8. PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS TO BE COMPLETED 9. NEAR FUTURE TASKS 10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

1. RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND Israel is a small and very crowded country, where land available for construction is limited and expensive even at the present. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

Area: 22 000 sq. km. (not including West Bank and Gaza strip) 95% 6660 MILLION INHABITANTS POPULATION (FACTS AND TREND) 14 12 480 Inhab. /sq. km. 10 8 6 4 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER YEARS

Government resolution of 1999/144: “The Minister of Justice … is to submit proposed guidelines for … more efficient land use, including subterranean space… …a solution for ownership problems, registration of rights and surveying…” should be developed also for underground space. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

2. THE 3 DCad R&D PROJECT The main goal: elaboration of regulations and standards regarding a digital, threedimensional cadastral system, including registration of rights in strata. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

The budget: some 0. 8 million US $ - approved by the Treasury. (Professional and management preparations forming an interdisciplinary R&D staff began in the middle of 2002. ) The staff started working on September 1, 2002. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

3. A SUPPORTING LEGAL REALITY The high court of appeals decided: -an order to expropriate land for public benefit (for the purpose of the Haifa Carmel-Tunnels) was illegal because (inter alia) of the absence of exact descriptions and measurements of property. -there is no legal objection to order a partial vertical expropriation. -the Land Law should be adjusted in order to comply with the changing needs and the improvement of technology. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

4. THE INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH STAFF Project Manager - a leading cadastre expert. 3 DCad geodesy expert - a candidate for Ph. D. degree at Israel Institute of Technology. GIS expert - well experienced in academy research and education. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

Urban planner and architect - a leading professional in Israel. Well versed in legal aspects of various planning issues. Underground engineering expert - geologist, mining- and civil engineer, well experienced in underground development. A legal (real property) expert - having outstanding knowledge in urban planning laws and commercial practice. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

5. PROJECT MANAGEMENT R&D TEAM Coordinator: The Project Manager Modi'in site surveyor Cadastral -and GIS experts Lawyer – real property expert Urban planner, architect FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER Underground engineering expert

6. THE MAIN TASKS OF THE FIRST PROJECTSEMESTER - Elaboration of a realistic 3 DCad concept. - Creation of provisional regulations for surveying, mapping, processing and managing digital 3 DCad data, integrated with National GIS database, including legal, engineering and planning constraints and/or their necessary changes. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

- Establishment of an initial 3 DCad database frame. - Characterization of an engineering and planning expert system, instructing the user according to the designation, status, etc. of the spatial land property. - Preparation of specific instructions for practical experiments. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

7. THE BASIC CONCEPT a partial list of the principal points a. Registration of rights in space will be carried out by dividing the three dimensional space belonging to the surface parcel, into spatial sub-parcels, above or below the surface parcel. b. Any above- or underground construction will be bounded by a "spatial envelope" having a simplified geometry. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

Above-surface space Sub-surface space The division of space, definitions (1) (Design : Eri Goshen) FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

2 D scheme 3 D scheme The division proposed (example) (Design: Eri Goshen) FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

c. Each spatial sub-parcel belongs to the surface parcel and block, below or above it. d. Physical objects which spread out into a number of above- ad/or under-surface space of surface parcels, will be subdivided into a number of spatial sub-parcels defined by existing surface parcels. (The unification of these object parts into one unit will be considered. ) FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

Carmel Tunnel – under the block no. 10882 FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

Parcels to be (partially) expropriated for public benefit in subsurface space in block no. 10882 FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

Carmel Tunnel spatial sub-parcels in sub-surface space – under the block no. 10882 FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

The division of space, definitions (2) (Design: Eri Goshen) FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

Categories of rights to land is space (Design: Eri Goshen) FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

6203 / 100 / + / 0 / 1 6203 / 100 / - / 0 / 2 6203 / 100 / - / 1 / 3 Spatial sub-parcel in above-surface space (in touch with the surface parcel) Surface parcel Spatial sub-parcel in sub-surface space (in touch with the surface parcel) Spatial sub-parcel in sub-surface space (not in touch with the surface parcel

8. PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS TO BE COMPLETED Three experiments of practical applications: - the old city of Acre - a new urban center of Modi'in (presently in planning) - the center of Tel-Aviv (an existing modern building complex) These three sites represent three different cadastral realities and a range of various problems. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

Typical site in Acre old city FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

Modi'in site (planned city center) FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

Africa-Israel building. By courtesy of Mr. R. Grinstein FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

Africa-Israel building image reconstructed by measured data. By courtesy of Mr Ronen Grinstein. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

9. NEAR FUTURE TASKS - The basic, conceptual ideas established will be tested by practical applications - An extensive juridical investigation and verification of the proposed model and its application will be carried out - Spatial data management and visualization alternatives will be tested, chosen and applied FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER

10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors thank all the people involved in the 3 DCad activity in Israel for their contribution. Special thanks to 3 DCad R&D staff members (in alphabetical order): Mr. Moshe Benhamu, Dr. Shaul Denekamp, Dr. Yair Gabay, Mr. Eri Goshen and Mr. Uri Shoshani. Thanks to Mr. Eri Goshen, Mr. Armi Grinstein and Mr. Ronen Grinstein for the figures, to Dr. Ron Adler for his comments and help, and to Ms. Noa Mitzner for preparing the slides. FIG WORKING WEEK 2003 IN PARIS –– FORRAI - KIRSCHNER