An Economic Revolution 1868 1890 Most drab in
An Economic Revolution • 1868 -1890 Most drab in nation’s political history the WHY? • The true political rulers were the “captains of industry” who cared less about the nation’s problems
What helped to fuel this Industrial Revolution? 1. Steam Revolution of the 1830 s 1850 s. 2. Electric Power 1. 2.
Causes of Rapid Industrialization 3. Technological innovations a. Telegraph- Samuel F. B. Morse b. Typewriter-Christopher Sholes c. Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell
Causes of an Economic Revolution 4. Raw Materials-Natural Resources 5. Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance. 6. “Captains of Industry” Talented Businessmen
Thomas Alva Edison Did he really steal his ideas from Nikola Tesla? “Wizard of Menlo Park”
The Light Bulb
The Phonograph (1877)
The Ediphone or Dictaphone
The Motion Picture Camera
Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876)
The Airplane Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903
Model T Automobile Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product!
Railroads Connect the Nation: The Iron Horse C. F. Dowd- Uniform Time Zone
The West and the Railroads! Railroads Driving the Golden Spike! Union Pacific Railroad: build westward from Omaha, NE Central Pacific Railroad: build eastward from Sacramento, CA
The Chinese Workers: Croker’s Pets • Racism, low wages, long working hours, dangerous working conditions, and difficult weather conditions
Scandals Lie Beneath the Tracks • Credit Mobilier- construction company that built the Union Pacific Railroad. • Bribery and Corruption!!!!!!
The Grange Fights for Regulation • Oliver Kelley-Patrons of Husbandry (Grange) • What railroad activity angered the Grangers, and how they try to alleviate the problem? • 1. • 2.
Railroads Are a Public Utility • Public utility: • Bloc: • Munn vs. Illinois (1877) • Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
The ‘Robber Barons’ of the Past “Robber Barons” or “Captains of Industry”
Wall Street – 1867 & 1900
Carnegie Is the Steel Captain Business Practices: 1. 2. 3. Andrew Carnegie
Key Terms Industrial Age Trusts: John D. Rockefeller
• Business Organization Merger: Holding Company • A company that buys controlling amounts of stock in related companies, thus becoming the majority shareholder, and holding considerable say over each company's business operations. •
New Financial Businessman The Banker, the Broker and the Baron! § J. Pierpont Morgan
Interlocking directorate:
New Type of Business Entities § Standard Oil Co. § Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) § Impossible to Enforce
Vertical integration (consolidation): Horizontal integration (consolidation):
U. S. Corporate Mergers
New Business Culture 1. Laissez Faire the ideology of the Industrial Age. § Individuals should compete freely § § in the marketplace. The market was not man-made or invented. No room for government in the market!
2. Social Darwinism × British economist. × Advocate of laissezfaire. × Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans. × Notion of “Survival of the Fittest. ” Herbert Spencer
New Business Culture: “The American Dream? ” 3. Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic” Horatio Alger Novels more than 100+ published Hard Work, Honesty, and Luck!
The Gospel of Wealth: Religion in the Era of Industrialization $ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad. $ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval. $ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.
Andrew Carnegie $ Unlike many of his contemporaries, Carnegie practiced what he preached and spent his last years giving away his vast fortune. $ One of his many charitable ventures was the funding of more than 2, 800 public libraries. $ Carnegie wrote, “The man who dies rich dies disgraced. ”
Standard Oil Company
The Protectors of Our Industries
The ‘Bosses’ of the Senate
• • Characteristics of Urbanization Walking Cities vs. the “new” Suburbs During Gilded Mass Transit: Subways, trolley cars, and Age suspension bridges. Magnet for economic and social opportunities. New frontier of opportunity for women. Squalid living conditions for many. Political machines. Ethnic neighborhoods. Many types of entertainment and culture.
Main urban problems? Urbanization: • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
“Dumbbell Tenement”
Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lived (1890) 1. He hoped to generate support for reform of the tenement “system. ” 2. He used a new technology called “flash photography. ”
Tenement Slum Living
Lodgers Huddled Together The 5 cent Spot
Tenement Slum Living
Political Bosses • Ran the politics for the political parties • Both had political bosses but Democrats had the most
Voters Support Political Machines • • Why? Positive: Negative: Municipal Graft: • Tweed Ring:
The Tweed Ring in NYC William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine) [Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]
Who Stole the People’s Money? The Tweed Ring was finally broken in 1871
Millions Came Daily! The New Immigrants Arrive 1. A better life 2. Religious persecution 3. Political freedoms 4. Revolution and War
Old Immigrants New Immigrants
Urban Immigrants Face Resentment • The Journey • Steerage:
Ellis Island, 1892 -1954
The Ellis Island Experience: Welcome to America!
Struggling Immigrant Families
Ethnic Neighborhoods What role did they play in the lives of the immigrants?
Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”
Hester Street – Jewish Section
Pell St. Chinatown, NYC
Culture Shock • Generation Gap • Melting pot vs. Mixed salad ?
Nativism Is Reborn • Antiradicalism: • Anti-Catholicism: • Anglo-Saxonism:
Congress Passes Anti-Asian Acts • Keeping Out The Chinese • Chinese Exclusion Act: • Gentlemen’s Agreement:
Japanese Immigration • The Japanese faced similar discrimination again in California • Alien Land Law banned Asians from owning farmland (1913)
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