AMOS PROPHET OF DOOM OR HOPE 1 ORIGINS
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AMOS PROPHET OF DOOM OR HOPE?
1. ORIGINS • Amos came from a small village named Tekoa in Judah. • He prophesied in the Northern Kingdom at the shrine of Bethel. • His parents are not mentioned. • At Bethel he had a confrontation with the priest in charge, Amaziah.
• Amaziah told Amos to go and prophesy in Judah (Amos 7: 14). • Amos denied that he was a prophet or son of a prophet. • He was a herdsman and a dresser of Sycamore trees. • He claimed to have been sent by God.
2. BACKGROUND • Amos prophesied during the peaceful and prosperous reign of King Jeroboam II (786 -746 BC), and Uzziah of Judah (783 -742 BC). • This brought about unprecedented economic boom in Israel. • It also brought with it, corruption, injustice, and oppression of the poor by the rich. • Amos denounces that and announces God’s Judgment.
3. MESSAGE OF AMOS • Basically, there are two schools of thought: 1. Amos was a prophet of doom; 2. Amos was a prophet of hope.
1. DOOM • There has been a debate concerning Amos’ message. • Some scholars argue that he was a prophet of doom. • In his message there is no promise of salvation. • There was no going back.
• The last oracle that preaches hope is believed to have been added by the redactors after the exile (Amos 9: 11 -15). • On the other hand some scholars think that the oracle that gives hope to Israel is authentically Amos’. • God would not bring judgment without offering people the option to repent.
A. MESSAGE TO THE FOREIGN NATIONS • The message was directed to the neighbors of Israel, Damascus, Philistia, Tyre, Edom, Ammon, and Moab. • The message is the one of judgment. • There is well-defined universalistic understanding of Yahweh.
• Yahweh is portrayed as a universal God. • He is the God who is responsible for all the nations. • Amos’s message seems to have been influenced by unwritten natural laws, for instance, not to drive the whole nation into exile, killing pregnant women, etc.
VIOLATIONS OF THE NATURAL LAWS 1. Damascus- they threshed Gilead with sledges of iron. They will be exiled. 2. Gaza- They exiled an entire nation to Edom. They will be consumed by fire. 3. Edom- pursued his brother with the sword relentlessly. They will be consumed by fire.
4. The Ammonites- They ripped open pregnant women in Gilead. They will be consumed by fire. 5. Moab- They burned the bones of Edom’s king to ashes. They will be consumed by fire. 6. Judah- They rejected the law of the Lord, did not keep the statutes of the Lord, and they were led astray by the lies of their ancestors. They will be consumed by fire.
ORACLES ON ISRAEL • sold the virtuous men for silver. • Sold the poor man for a pair of sandals. • Oppress the poor and ordinary people. • Incest (father and son one girl). • Took pledges of clothes. • Fine people with wine. • Forced the nazirites to drink wine.
ORACLES AGAINST ISRAEL • 1. PRIESTS • Amos denounced them for being responsible for the decaying of religion in Israel. • Priests, instead of being custodians of the people’s religious beliefs, they defiled the temple and altars. • They were concerned with rituals (Amos 4: 4 -5).
2. RULERS • The rulers were not practicing justice. • They failed to protect the poor. • The merchants and judges were corrupt. • The rich were allowed to trample the heads of the destitute. • They forbade prophets to prophesy.
3. MERCHANTS • Were not honest in their business dealings. • They tempered with the scales (Amos 8). • Made huge profits at the expense of the poor. • Their offerings to God were not accepted.
THE CALL FOR REPENTENCE
4. JUDGES • Were corrupt. • They favored the rich at the expense of the poor.
4. WOMEN OF NOBILITY • Amos called these women “cows of Bashan” (Amos 4: 1 -3). • They are condemned for encouraging the exploitation of the poor by their husbands. • They wanted to enjoy themselves at the expense of the poor. • They abused the needy whilst drinking wine. • Their judgment is exile.
REPENTANCE • No salvation without repentance. • Those who repent will be spared. • Sinners will perish. • Seek Yahweh, not rituals. • Seek and do justice. • No idols.
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