Americas ILC Test Facilities Sergei Nagaitsev Fermilab July

Americas ILC Test Facilities Sergei Nagaitsev Fermilab July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 1

International Linear Collider Americas New energy frontier machine proposed for HEP Parameters • Electron-Positron Collider • Ecm adjustable from 200 – 500 Ge. V • Luminosity ∫Ldt = 500 fb-1 in 4 years • Energy stability and precision below 0. 1% • Electron polarization of at least 80% • The machine must be upgradeable to 1 Te. V July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 2

Overview Americas • The ILC is based upon a Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) linacs of unprecedented scope ( length=23 km, 1680 Cryomodules, 14, 560 SRF cavities, 31. 5 MV/m) ~30 km July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 3

Americas ILC ML Beam Parameters Parameter Value Initial Beam energy 15 Ge. V Initial gex 8. 4 mm Final Beam energy 250 Ge. V Final gex 9. 4 mm Particles per Bunch 2 x 1010 Initial gey 24 nm Beam Current 9. 0 m. A Final gey 34 nm Bunch Spacing 369 ns sz 0. 3 mm Bunch train length 969 ms Initial s. E/E 1. 5% Number of bunches 2625 Final s. E/E 0. 1% Pulse repetition rate 5 Hz Beam phase wrt RF crest 5 o Average beam power is 11 MW / beam wall plug to beam efficiency is crucial Superconducting RF July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 4

ML basic building block Americas ILC RF Unit: 3 CM, klystron, modulator, LLRF Baseline design now has 2 CM with 9 cavities, 1 CM with 8 cavities + quad July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 5

Americas Issues for ILC linac • Key issues for ILC Physics – Machine Energy, Luminosity, Availability • Technical Challenges – Achieving high gradient in SRF cavities with a reproducible process – Building cryomodules with these cavities that meet ILC specification – Developing a reliable and efficient RF power source – Transport and focus beams at the IP – Industrialization of high volume components – Cost ! • The Global Design Effort is addressing these challenges via a worldwide R&D program with specific goals (see M. Ross’ talk) • Key to achieving these goals are evolving ILC Test Facilities, the subject of this talk July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 6

Task Forces Americas • • S 0/S 1 – Cavity and cryomodule S 2 – RF unit system tests S 3 – Damping Rings S 4 – Beam Delivery System • S 5 – Positron Source • S 6 – Controls and LLRF • S 7 – RF sources July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 7

Major International Test Facilities Americas • Damping Rings – ATF, CESR-TA, KEKB, PEP-ii – S 3: Electron cloud; ions; low emittance; kickers • Main Linac – FLASH, XFEL, STF, ILC-TA, ESA, Zeuthen • Rf unit; heat loads; HOM’s; LLRF; rf sources – S 2, S 6, S 7 • BDS – ATF 2, ESA • S 4: FFS & MDI design; Small spot tuning July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 8

Cavity and Cryomodule Goals Americas • The GDE has established project wide R&D goals for ILC cavities and cryomodules • S 0 goal: Establish a process & controls to reliably achieve 35 MV/M in bare cavity tests (80% yield) • S 1 goal: Complete an ILC Cryomodule with all cavities at working at accelerating gradients >31. 5 MV/M (Average) July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 9

SCRF Infrastructure Americas • Bare cavities – – Fabrication facilities (Electron beam welder, QC, etc) Surface treatment facilities BCP & Electro-polish facilities (EP) Ultra clean H 20 & High Pressure Rinse systems Vertical Test facilities ( Cryogenics + low power RF) • Cavity Dressing Facilities ( cryostat, tuner, coupler) – Class 10/100 clean room – Horizontal Test System (cryogenics and pulsed RF power) • String Assembly Facilities – Large class 10/100 clean rooms, Large fixtures • Cryo-module test facilities – Cryogenics, pulsed RF power, LLRF, controls, shielding, etc. – Beam tests electron source (RF unit test facilities) July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 10

Cavity/CM process and Testing Americas Fail! Cavity Fabrication Surface Processing Fail! Horizontal Testing Vertical Testing Pass! HPR or reprocess He Vessel, couplers, tuner Pass! Cold String Assembly Plan… Develop in labs then transfer technology to industry July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 11

Damping Rings Americas – The ATF at KEK has or will demonstrate many/most of the outstanding issues • • Low emittance operation Intra-beam scattering Ion instabilities Instrumentation development – Main outstanding issue is the electron cloud • Studies at PEP-II, KEKB, and CESR – Very international program July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 12

ATF Prototype Damping Ring Americas July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 13

ATF Prototype Damping Ring Americas • Ongoing effort with effort from SLAC, FNAL, Cornell, and LBNL – ATF has been operating since 1997 – Low emittance beams at 1. 3 Ge. V – Many opportunities: • • Instrumentation and feedback development Tuning studies Ion instabilities Kicker system demonstrations – Large SLAC involvement since 1992 – Big UK effort with FNAL and Cornell July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 14

Electron Cloud Studies Americas • Experimental programs at PEP-II and KEKB – Driven by ILC and Luminosity-factories – Extensive benchmarking of codes – Studies of cloud suppression techniques in dedicated vacuum chambers • Coatings and grooves • Understanding cloud generation – No plans for a system test which would need rebuilding the vacuum systems • System tests at CERN and Frascati July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 15

KEK-B and PEP-II Americas • Separate problem: calculate instability threshold and electron cloud generation – Experiments aimed at latter: quantifying PEP-ii Chamber tests techniques to suppress the cloud generation KEK-B E-cloud Tests July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 16 test PEP-ii Sample

CESR-TA Americas • CESR-TA would be a dedicated DR test facility – Positron beams test techniques to suppress electron cloud generation – Study effect in wigglers where expected to be most important • Needs further consideration July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 17

Linac Test Facilities Americas • S 0/S 1 is coordinating the cavity development • S 2 provided advice on Linac System Tests – Regional programs: STF, ILCTA-NML, FLASH – Scoped at the 1 to 2 rf unit level – XFEL will also demonstrate many systems level issues • Plans for rf systems tests – ESA and Zeuthen July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 18

S 2 Task Force Americas July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 19

S 2 Questions Americas • Single rf unit tests: – Check what gradient spread can be handled by the LLRF system. – Check for heating due to high frequency HOMs. – Check amplitude and phase stability of the RF with respect to the beam. – Check static and dynamic heat loads • Other tests: – Beam dynamics cannot be tested reasonably – Statistical effects like reliability and dark current are hard July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 20

Europe Americas DESY R&D Activities The TESLA collaboration centered at DESY developed the SRF technology adopted for ILC. DESY is the world leader • Cavity R&D – 9 cell TESLA shape (baseline for ILC) – Electropolishing development – Large grain Nb, hydroformed • Cryomodule and RF power Development • TTFII/Flash ~ RF unit test facility for XFEL • Industrialization of SRF technology July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 21

TTFII/FLASH/XFEL (DESY) Europe Americas • TTFII/FLASH – TTFII: was originally a test facility for TESLA (ILC) – TTFII SRF linac now drives VUV-FEL (FLASH) providing light for BES users – Machine time still available as ILC test facility • XFEL (European Project) – Recently approved for construction at DESY – 20 Ge. V SRF linac driven light source • DESY Facilities (ramping up in support of XFEL) – Cavity fabrication, processing, test facility upgrades – Cryomodule fabrication industrial training for XFEL July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 22

FLASH Overview Europe Americas RF gun Diagnostics Accelerating Structures Bunch Compressor Laser 5 Me. V 127 Me. V Bunch Compressor 370 Me. V Collimator 700 Me. V Undulators Bypass Photon user Experiments 250 m July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 23

FLASH uses TESLA CM’s Europe Americas July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 24

Performance of Recent CM #7 Europe Americas • Recent CM experience – CM 6 had 5 cavities over 30 MV/M ( but 2 went down WRT HTS) – CM 7 had 6 of 8 cavities above 30 MV/M ( encouraging) July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 25

Europe Americas TTFII/FLASH • ILC related performance: – Operations: 13% unscheduled down time (mostly RF sys) – Phase stability: 0. 14 o of 1. 3 GHz or 300 fs – d. E/E = 2. 4 10 -4 measured at 127 Me. V • Plans: – Add 6 th CM, beam energy 1 Ge. V/c – Improve electron gun (reduce dark current) – Add 3 rd harmonic CM (FNAL), doubles FEL light output • FLASH operations, ILC studies, Construct XFEL !!! – ~30% of time is available for Accel dev and ILC R&D July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 26

XFEL RF Test Facility Americas July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 27

STF (Asia) Asia Americas • Superconducting Test Facility (STF) – Location: KEK, Japan – Purpose: General SRF test facility in support of the ILC – Status: Under construction • Facilities – Cavity fabrication, processing, test – ILC module fabrication – ILC module test facility – Plan: Evolve into RF unit test facility July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 28

STF Facility KEK Refrigerator Control Room Klystron Gallery Clean Rooms Cryomodule Assembly EP Facility HPR

Americas July 25, 2007 STF (Superconducting Test Facility) Fermilab ILC School Slide 30

Americas July 25, 2007 STF (Superconducting Test Facility) Fermilab ILC School Slide 31

Asia Americas STF R&D Activities ( Asia) • Cavity R&D – 9 cell TESLA shape (baseline for ILC) – 9 cell Ichiro cavities (goal = higher Eacc) – Seamless cavities (hydroformed) – Single cell EP R&D • Cryomodule & RF Power development • ILC RF unit test facility • Industrialization of SRF technology July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 32

Asia Americas Cavity R&D at KEK • • • 4 Tesla Shape cavities Processed and vertical tested 3 cavities achieved ~20 MV/m 1 achieved 30 MV/m, installed in CM Performance limited by field emission • • 4 Ichiro cavities Reentrant design lowers B at fixed Eacc Single cells: 6 examples all > 40 MV/M But… so far 9 cells are only 12 -20 MV/M Limited by multipacting in end groups End groups removed 1 achieved 29 MV/M One 19 MV/m Ichiro cavity installed in CM July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School EP Slide 40 33

Asia Americas STF Plan • Phase 1 (2005 -07) Develop SRF cavities & infrastructure – – – Two types of cavities: TESLA and Ichiro (35 45 MV/m) Start with two 4 M cryostats (access to STF tunnel) 1 cavity in each short cryostat Now ! 4 cavities in each short cryostat Sep 2007 Improved cavities Apr 2008 • Phase 2 (2008 – 10) Develop ILC Main Linac RF unit – – Built Cryomodule test facility CM Fabrication Build RF power test infrastructure RF unit test 2009 -10 now-2010 2011 • In parallel with phase 1, 2 – GDE S 0 task force (demonstrate 35 MV/M gradient) – Industrialization July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 34

Plan of STF Phase 2 beam line Asia Americas ~65 m ~36 m Toshiba • Phase 2 Beam ( 2011) – 2 SC beam capture cavities – RF gun, ( collab with FNAL) – Bunch charge, structure, and current similar to ILC Existing Short Cryomodules July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 35

Americas R&D Activities (Americas) • Cavity R&D – 9 cell TESLA shape (baseline for ILC) – Large grain Nb (TJNL, FNAL) – Electropolishing (Cornell, TJNL, ANL/FNAL) • • July 25, 2007 Cryomodule design & fabrication (FNAL) RF power development (SLAC) ILC RF unit test facility (FNAL) Industrialization just starting Fermilab ILC School Slide 36

U. S. Cavity R&D = National effort Americas Electropolish JLab Several cavities > 30 MV/m in vertical test Cornell Vertical EP ANL/FNAL Collaboration ANL: New clean rooms, state-of-the-art EP July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School FNAL: New Vertical Test Facility TESTED 1 st cavity on 07/24/07 Slide 37

VCTF in Industrial Building 1 Americas Existing IB 1 cryoplant/infrastructure for Magnet Test Facility (MTF) q Significant cost savings & faster implementation q q VTS pit Current replacement value ~$10 M Knowledgeable technical staff 4 cryogenic magnet test stands FY 06: tested 29 superconducting magnets q 3 conventional magnet test stands FY 06: tested 21 conventional magnets q Cryogenic engineering, data acquisition systems, diagnostic instrumentation, software and data management, etc. q q Continue to share cryogenic system and IB 1 infrastructure with magnet test program q Cryogenically demanding LHC magnet production tests are finished July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School July 11, 2007

VTS Cryostat/Insert Design Americas Based on Fermilab design of DESY/TTF/VTS Added phase separator for better quality He 80 K shields Top plate insert Cryostat vacuum vessel f=42” thermal baffles 5 K shield radiation shielding 16’ cavity helium vessel 26. 5” heat exchanger phase separator radiation shielding fiberglass pit liner cavity Cryostat manufactured by PHPK Technologies, Columbus OH July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School July 11, 2007

Cryostat photos Americas September 2006: Cryostat ordered January 2007: He vessel ASME code stamped February 2007: Received at Fermilab March 2007: Temporarily installed April 2007: Permanently installed May 2007: Cryogenic Safety Review May 2007: First cold test and commissioning July 24, 2007: First single-cell cavity tested!!! Fermilab PHPK July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School July 11, 2007

Americas Horizontal Test System (FNAL) • After vertical test extensive cavity handling ensues – Cavity welded inside He vessel – Cavity opened to install main coupler – Tuner added “Dressing” • Horizontal Test – First test of the cavity with high pulsed RF power – R&D Test bed: tuners (slow), couplers, LLRF, etc. • NEW HTS facility is nearly complete at FNAL 1. 3 GHz Cavity in HTS Cryostat July 25, 2007 HTS Cryostat Fermilab ILC School RF Power for HTS Slide 41

ILCTA ( FNAL) Americas • ILC RF unit test facility • Location: Fermilab “New Muon Building” (NML) • Goal: Address the GDE “S 2 Goals” – Demonstrate a complete ILC RF unit with ILC-like beam – Also crab-cavity R&D, diagnostics development, personnel training, and advanced accelerator R&D. • ILC-like beam – – – July 25, 2007 3. 2 n. C/bunch @3 MHz Up to 3000 bunches @ 5 Hz Bunch length: 300 -μm rms Injector Energy: 30 -40 Me. V (to avoid over focusing in ILC CM) To understand CM need “known” beam parameters @ CM entrance and exit good diagnostics Fermilab ILC School Slide 42

Americas Location New Muon Lab July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 43

ILCTA_NM (FNAL) Americas Existing Building ~ 22 M Gun 3 rd har CC I, II Laser 72 M New ILC like tunnel ILC RF unit Diagnostics Bunch Compressor 2 nd ILC RF unit Test Area New Building RF Equipment • 40 -50 Mev Injector • Well characterized beam • Low energy test area (e. g. 3. 9 GHz Crab cavities) • New bldg for diagnostics & AARD • Also houses new large cryo plant July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Test Areas new 300 W cryo plant Slide 44

Stage 1: 1 st CM (early CY 08) Americas A used 3 MW Klystron, CC 2 RF system Capture cavity 2 in its final location for the injector July 25, 2007 10 MW, 1. 5 ms modulator Type 3+ cryomodule Fermilab ILC School Slide 45

A 0 Photo Injector Americas • The A 0 Photo Injector built in collaboration with DESY as part of the TESLA collaboration ( essentially a copy of TTFI) • In operation since late 90’s • Two klystron-based RF systems power the RF Gun & Capture Cavity • Built a second capture cavity (CCII) using high gradient DESY cavity • A 0 RF assets and CCII will be moved to NML in 2008 RF Gun prior to solenoid installation July 25, 2007 Capture Cavity and beamline Fermilab ILC School Capture Cavity-II Slide 46

ILCTA Plans Americas • Effort is Funding limited phased approach • Cryomodule delivery – 1 st (Type 3+) cryomodule built from “kit” of DESY parts in late 2007 – 2 nd (Type 3+) CM – 2008 built with U. S. processed cavities – 3 rd (ILC Type 4) CM – 2009 all U. S. components – Replace all three CMs with ILC Type 4+ in FY 2010 • FY 07: Start as a Cryomodule Test Stand • FY 08: move A 0 photoinjector, start civil construction for new bldg • FY 09: 1 st beam operation, 2 -3 CM, low rep rate operations • FY 10: replace all 3 CM with ILC type CM • FY 11: install new refrigerator, ILC RF Unit operations • Collaboration: DESY, INFN, ANL, Cockroft, NIU, Rochester, KEK July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 47

ILCTA_NML@FNAL Americas NML: June 07 Cavities for 1 st CM @ FNAL NML Building 1 st of 2 refrigerators each 60 W@1. 8 K July 25, 2007 Parts for 1 st CM at DESY Fermilab ILC School FNAL Clean Room & CM assembly Area Slide 48

Americas A facility to test ILC baseline and alternative designs • Many groups in the US and world-wide are looking for a place to test their ILC-related designs. – Need beam at 200 -800 Me. V, need space to set up tests • Baseline design: – “Keep alive” positron source (ANL) – SC undulator (Cornell) – Crab-cavity (SLAC, Cockcroft Inst) • Alternative designs: – New HOM coupler design (MIT) July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 49

Cryomodule Test Stand Americas • We know we will need it eventually. …Need by FY 2011 • Location yet undetermined • A 500 sq meters, 32 m x 16 m, building required. Includes some utility and access space • Much larger than a typical Fermilab magnet test stand due to the shielding cave • Comparable in scope to Stage-1 of NML • Motivations for cryomodule tests – – – – July 25, 2007 Mechanical checks Alignment of tubes, flanges, etc. Leak checks of all volumes Conditioning of main RF-couplers Cryo load measurement, Q and Eacc SC magnet power test Dark current measurements Fermilab ILC School Slide 50

XFEL Module R&D Test Stand Americas From Yury Bozkho, Bernd Petersen (DESY) July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 51

SLAC ESA RF Test Facility Americas L-Band Test Stands: Existing (green), FY 07 -08 (blue), FY 09 (yellow) ESA LCLS ESB (NLCTA) July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 52

Beam Delivery System Americas • See Andrei Seryi’s talk tomorrow – The ATF 2 at KEK will demonstrate many systems level issues in FFS (and others) • • • FFS optical solutions Beam instrumentation FFS tuning and beam line alignment High availability power supplies SC quadrupoles – The ESA is used to study MDI issues • Collimator wakefields • IR diagnostics and signals July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 53

ATF 2 at KEK Americas • Demonstrations of: – Optics design – RF BPMs – Magnets and movers – HA power supplies ILC like optics at ATF 2 New final focus July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 54 http: //lcdev. kek. jp/ILC-Asia. WG/WG 4 notes/atf 2/proposal/public/atf 2 -web. pdf

End Station A at SLAC Americas 3 runs thus far expect 3 more through FY 08 Schedule beyond FY 08 is not clear July 25, 2007 Collimator design, wakefields (T-480) BPM energy spectrometer (T-474) Synch Stripe energy spectrometer (T-475) IP BPMs, kickers EMI (electro-magnetic interference) Fermilab ILC School Slide 55 IR Mockup

Summary Americas • The International Linear Collider will employ an SRF linac of unprecedented scope • Cavities & Cryomodules are cost drivers for ILC • There are many issues to be addressed to demonstrate the required performance for ILC • All three regions have mounted large R&D programs to explore these issues • Extensive infrastructure is needed to support this R&D and ILC industrialization • Large scale RF unit test facilities are a key • Lots of progress & ambitious plans July 25, 2007 Fermilab ILC School Slide 56