AMERICAN REVOLUTION Chapters 5 7 MAP Land claims

AMERICAN REVOLUTION Chapters 5 -7

MAP Land claims before the war Area of conflict § Ohio River Valley When: May 1754: Beginning of the French & Indian War Why: British & French competition over the Ohio River Valley § Why would the French want this territory? § Why would the British want this territory?

ALBANY PLAN OF UNION 1754 Called by Ben Franklin 2 goals: § Persuade the Iroquois to take the colonists/British side § Plan of defense (raise taxes, unite the colonies)

FIGHTING British fought in straight lines French & Indians used guerilla warfare British Prime Minister, William Pitt, raised taxes & borrowed money for the war Colonial soldiers wanted to be commanded by colonial officers; British said that was treason. WHY? Many colonial soldiers were sent home & not allowed to fight. § How would this create tensions between the colonists & the British troops?

7 YEARS WAR French & Indian War spread to Europe & Asia Conflict is called the 7 Years War

HOW DID THE BRITISH WIN? British raised taxes to support the military British army began to defeat the French & Native American allies Iroquois switched sides & supported the British after the French abandoned forts & went to Canada

EFFECT Native Americans Colonies British • British took revenge on tribes who sided with the French • Tribes who sided with the British felt betrayed when settlers moved onto land promised to them = Pontiac’s War • Began to regard the • Huge amount of debt British military as weak • Raised taxes to pay • Sowed the seeds of debt Revolution • Gained all French • British ended policy of territory east of the salutary neglect Mississippi River (gave • Raised taxes to pay for Louisiana to Spain) & British debt Spanish Florida • Proclamation of 1763 (returned Cuba to Spain)

POST WAR MAP

PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763 British could not control vast area of land gained from the French Headwaters of rivers flowing into the Atlantic became a temporary western boundary line for colonial settlement How do you stop people from settling?

US HISTORY BELL RINGER 9/29 On stic the ky Include your name n ote KEEP your sticky note!!!! 1. 2. Who is this man? What did he write? Take out your Opposing Viewpoints on “America Should/Should Not Be Independent” 15 minutes… read Thomas Paine’s perspective.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Thomas Jefferson wrote 4 parts § Preamble: reasons for the document, why colonists chose to separate from England § Political Principles: identifies the ideas underlying the rights of the people, John Locke’s Ideas § Complaints: lists the unfair acts perpetrated by the British government; charged King with 27 crimes § The Declaration: The statement that 13 colonies are now independent § Anyone who signed was committing an act of treason

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE § Independence vs. interdependence – on phones, look up definition § “as Free & Independent States” that “have full Power to levy war, conclude Pease, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts & Things which independent States may of right do” § Declaration of Independence A bid for France’s support? § For a country to mediate a peace between the Americas & Great Britain, custom demanded a declaration of American Independence § France could not negotiate peace WITHOUT the declaration § A country could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another monarch UNLESS they had a list of grievances § Declaration ensured the Americas as a reliable trading partner § Franco-American Alliance: Feb. 1778

EXIT On the same sticky note, draw a line under your bell ringer answers and answer the following question. How does the song’s lyrics relate to men who wrote & signed the Declaration of Independence?

BELL RINGER 9/30 Take out your Opposing Viewpoints: The Colonies Should/Should Not Be Independent 15 minutes Read Charles Inglis’ view & answer the questions

ASSIGNMENT Read the Declaration of independence While you read, look for the following items 1. Find evidence of Enlightenment ideas in the declaration 2. What reasons do the colonists cite for separating from England (name 5) 3. List the complaints of the Colonists (list 3) 4. Why does Jefferson say the colonists should separate (see paragraph 4) 5. What acts of war do the colonists claim the king has perpetrated?

YOU SHOULD BE IN CHAPTER 6 Information will be found starting on pg. 147

PATRIOT, LOYALIST OR NEUTRAL Which of the following was most likely to have been an active patriot? § § City artisan African American slave Anglican clergyman Pennsylvania Quaker • Which of the following was most likely to have been a loyalist? • A city artisan • A yeoman farmer • An Anglican clergyman • Scots-Irish settler in the southern backcountry • Which of the following was most likely to have remained neutral? • Member of the Chesapeake gentry • Scots-Irish settler in the backcountry • Scottish settler • City artisan

TAKING SIDES Patriot Loyalist Neutral • 2/5 of population • 1/5 of population • 2/5 of population • Supported the • Rejected the idea of • Allegiance shifted Revolution but were not independence depending on who was united in reform ideas. • Defending the King = winning • Limited political vs. keeping personal honor • Cared little about extensive political vs. politics; did whatever social & economic those in power asked What about women, African Americans & Native Americans? • Women: generally did what their husbands or dominant male in the house told them to • African Americans: varied depending on location • Native Americans: urged to remain neutral by British

AFRICAN AMERICANS New England: few slaves; free African Americans enlisted in the patriot militaries Middle Colonies: slaves were a small but substantial portion of the population; more divided on independence Maryland & Virginia: slave population was considerable; potential for slave riots raised occasional fears South Carolina & Georgia: slaves were +1/2 of the population; less enthusiastic about resistance Goal: Independence & how to best escape slavery 74 – 75: offered freedom if they joined the British army Nov. 75: Virg. Gov. Lord Dunmore offered freedom to any slaves & indentured servants willing to join the British forces

BRITISH STRATEGY 1. Patriot forces could not withstand the assaults by trained British regulars. Sent +370 ships w/ 32, 000 troops, tons of supplies, 73 naval vessels & 13, 000 sailors. 2. Adopted a conventional strategy of capturing major American cities & defeating the rebel army with minimal casualties. 3. Assumed that military victory would achieve the colonies’ allegiance

GEORGE WASHINGTON 2 n d Continental Congress chose General George Washington to lead the Colonial Army

COMMON SENSE BY THOMAS PAINE “In the early ages of the world, according to the scripture chronology, there were no kings; the consequence of which was there were no wars; it is the pride of kings which throws mankind into confusion. ” “To bring the matter to one point, Is the power who is jealous of our prosperity, a proper power to govern us? Whoever says, No, to this question, is an independent, for independency means no more than this, whether we shall make our own law, or, whether the king, the greatest enemy which this continent hath, or can have, shall tell us there shall be no laws but such as I like. ” “Society in every state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one; for when we suffer, or are exposed to the same miseries by a government, which we might expect in a country without government, our calamity is heightened by reflecting that we furnish the means by which we suffer. . . ”

5 4 1 2 3

Don’t make me turn this boat around Do you wanna build a snowman? Can I say something crazy? I love crazy! For the first time in forever…

BATTLE OF TRENTON & SARATOGA Trenton § George Washington attacked Hessian (German mercenaries) in the early morning hours § Battle lasted 2 hours § Washington captured almost 1000 German soldiers & killed 30; 3 Americans were injured Saratoga § American victory that convinced the French to join the Americans § Americans killed 800 of Burgoyne’s German mercenaries § Burgoyne & +6000 men surrendered on 10/17/77

SURRENDER AT YORKTOWN Washington faces off with 7000 French & American men against Br. Gen. Cornwallace & traitor Benedict Arnold who moved to fortify Yorktown Cornwallace moves up river & Fr. Gen. De. Grasse’s fleet moves in to block & defeat ships sent into reinforce Cornwallace surrenders Parliament votes to cease operations in America

COST OF THE WAR +35, 000 Americans killed § ¼ in battle § ½ while British prisoners What about the other ¼? Warfare destroyed crop lands & plantations Loss of slaves in the south ruined the economy Colonial governments were cripples Few people could pay taxes

CREATING A VIRTUOUS REPUBLIC Ancient History /Popular Government • Educated elite • Republics could succeed only if they were small & homogenous • If a republics’ citizens were not virtuous & willing to sacrifice for the common good, the republic would collapse • “Natural” rank & file instead of inherited titles • Virtue manifested in frugality & self-sacrifice Economic Theory Egalitarian • Other elites & skilled • Called for widening craftsmen men’s political • Emphasized individuals’ participation pursuit of rational self- • Government responds interest directly to the needs of • People work to improve the “ordinary folk” their economic & social • Virtue became circumstances the justification for entire republic benefits including propertyless • Virtue achieved through free men as voters pursuit of individual interests • Virtue would prevent self-interest from becoming vice

REFORM Art: § expected to reflect the idea of virtue Education: § if people were to resist vice & become useful citizens, they needed to be educated; § northern states began opening public schools; § mothers were educated Abigail Adams: § “don’t forget the ladies” Emancipation: postwar witnessed a gradual abolition of slavery in the North; § did not mean equality; a lot of racism § some argued that African slaves character had been shaped by enslavement § slave holders argued that people of African descent were less then fully human § leaders defined the republic as a white male enterprise

DESIGNING A GOVERNMENT State Constitutions: § sought permission from the people before establishing a new government & submitting it to the people Framers concerned themselves with outlining the distribution of & limitations on state governments § § Governor elected annually; term limits & little independent authority Expanded legislative powers Lowered property qualifications for voting Explicit limitations on government authority to protect the rights of the individual citizens § Independent judiciary was to uphold those rights § Freedom of religion with restrictions § Focus was more on preventing a tyrannical government

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION Who was our 1 st American President? a. George Washington b. Thomas Jefferson c. John Hansen d. Alexander Hamilton Take our your US Constitution & turn to page 65 What were some of the flaws of the Articles of Confederation? According to the Articles of Confederation what was the main duty of the government?

BREAKDOWN OF ARTICLES Article(s) 1&2 State sovereignty 3&4 Interstate relations 5 Representation in Congress 6 Powers denied to states 7&8 War Preparation 9 Powers of Congress 10 Committee of States 11 Canada 12 Debts of Congress 13 & Conclusion Pledge of perpetual union

PEACE TREATY PROVISIONS Article 4: payment of war debts (owed by Americans to British merchants) § State laws passed denied the British the right to sue for recovery of debts Article 5: recommended that states allow loyalists to recover property § Sale of loyalists property helped finance the war & many wealthy purchased that land… who really owns it? Because states refused to comply with Article 4 & 5, the British used it as an excuse to maintain military posts on the Great Lakes Federal Congress could do NOTHING

ORDINANCE OF 1785 Ordinance of 1785 § Townships of 6 sq. miles each/ 36 sections/ 640 acres each ( 1 sq. mile) § Sale from section 16 went to public education § Proceeds became revenue available for the national gov’t

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Bill of rights for settlers: freedom of religion, right to jury trial, forbid cruel & unusual punishment & nominally prohibiting slavery Allowed for slave owners to recover escaped slaves Specified how territorial residents could organize state governments & seek admission to the Union

ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION 1786 – Nationalist convention to discuss economic problems 12 delegates from 5 states attended = failed convention Another meeting set for Philadelphia 1787

SHAY’S REBELLION Massachusetts legislature passed a tax to paid in specie Farmers could not pay & complained to legislature Daniel Shays led march to Springfield & Congress could do nothing Demonstrated citizens willingness to defy the government if they felt it acted against them Convention met early to strengthen the government & avoid civil unrest… this time 12 states sent delegates

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION Wrote the US Constitution in 4 months 55 delegates from 12 states (RI did not attend) James Madison: “Father of the Constitution” 1 s t act: Elect George Washington as President Some wanted to amend the Articles others wanted to get rid of it

2 PLANS Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Bicameral (2 house) Legislature • Reps sent based on size of states population Unicameral ( 1 house) Legislature • Same number of reps from each state Congress: • right to tax • regulate foreign trade • interstate commerce • Veto • Use force against states Congress: • Power to tax • Regulate foreign trade • Interstate commerce Executive branch Judicial Branch Large states liked Small states liked

COMPROMISE The Great Compromise § Created a Legislative branch: 2 houses § House of Representatives (Virginia Plan) § Senate (New Jersey Plan) The 3/5 Compromise § How should slaves be counted? § 3/5 of the states total slave population would be counted toward representation

FEDERAL & STATE POWERS National Government Concurrent Powers State Government Powers delegated to the Nat’l government Powers both share Not specifically given to the states but not denied Ex: Declaring War Ex: taxes & establishing courts Ex: education system Federal System of Government: Powers are shared among state & national governments Separation of Powers Judicial Branch Legislative Branch Executive Branch Interprets the Law Makes the Law Carries out the law

CHECKS & BALANCES

ELECTORAL COLLEGE? WHAT’S THE POINT? A shield between the government & the people Indirect election of the President § States are given electors equal to the number of members in Congress § Less populated states have more % of say using electoral college than they would if it was direct election

RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION Federalists • Supported the Constitution • Wanted a strong national government • Federalist Papers: 85 essays supporting passage of Constitution in NY ( • Feared people more than government • Opposed the Bill of Rights Anti-federalists • Opposed the Constitution • Constitution posed a threat to state governments • President would be a King • feared government more than people • Favored the Bill of Rights 9 of 13 states needed to ratify – going to be difficult

HOW THE FEDERALISTS WON 1. 2. 3. 4. Drew on anti-Articles feelings Federalists were united around the Constitution Well organized & in regular contact with each other George Washington

BILL OF RIGHTS