AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1492 1648 American Revolution Peoples vision

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AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1492 -1648

AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1492 -1648

American Revolution People’s vision: America quickly became divided socially between the rich landowners, yeoman

American Revolution People’s vision: America quickly became divided socially between the rich landowners, yeoman farmers, and merchants, because of the vast resources of America and the imitation of English culture. Because of competition between the rich landowners and English aristocrats as well as trade, America separated itself from England �

PATRIOT’S VISION-AMERICA THE HARBOR OF FREEDOM. � Patriot’s vision: � America grew to become

PATRIOT’S VISION-AMERICA THE HARBOR OF FREEDOM. � Patriot’s vision: � America grew to become a flexible and classless society. This allowed the growth of democratic institutions such as the assembly, newspapers, religious bodies and this lead to the Revolution. It was a sense of their freedom that repelled them from the corruption of the Old World.

Democratization of America � � The “English colonies” sought to imitate England’s culture and

Democratization of America � � The “English colonies” sought to imitate England’s culture and tried to compete with them, but in the end formed their own “American institutions. ”(A Patriot’s History) The Great Awakening(1730), a religious revival, brought religion to the masses with individual emotion and thought. (“religion of the heart’) William Tenant and Jonathan Edwards of Mass. Taught emotionalism and fearfulness of this existence. Whitefield-Denied predestination and more of repentance.

English foundations � � Medieval times: King John oppressed the barons and they revolted.

English foundations � � Medieval times: King John oppressed the barons and they revolted. Forced the king to give them the Magna Carta(1215) limiting king and giving them rights of habeas corpus, trial by jury, and due process of law. English freedom-limit king power and people power. English Civil War(1640), James I(Catholic) and Charles I(Catholic) imposed taxes without Parliament. 1640 Civil War: Protestant vs Catholic forces. Oliver Cromwell, a Protestant commander, created Commonwealth of England. Colonial reaction-Puritans did not like religious toleration of England. Quakers were persecuted by people. Maryland had a civil war between those favoring Protestants and those over Catholics. Act Concerning Religion-Christian religious tolerance.

Education � � Colleges like William and Mary, Harvard, and Yale taught Greek and

Education � � Colleges like William and Mary, Harvard, and Yale taught Greek and Latin as training grounds for theologians. Princeton rebelled and taught German and French as well as the sciences to the colonists. It taught more scientific knowledge and practical knowledge (Patriot’s History)

Colonial art, architecture, and music � � � John Singleton Copely painted patriotic art

Colonial art, architecture, and music � � � John Singleton Copely painted patriotic art and portraiture of famous colonists. It was personal and close. Drama suffered from Puritan’s hatred of theater but ended with a play called Close that was in a practical theater. Architecture was classical and Gregorian on a few buildings, but mostly farms, and small houses were built.

Colonial Life � � � Newspapers, pamphlets, broadsides were created to send information to

Colonial Life � � � Newspapers, pamphlets, broadsides were created to send information to busy Americans. Drunkenness, fires, arrests and political events. Just like the National Enquirer. People adopted buckskins, moccasins, furs and ate squash from the Native Americans. They even fought like the Native Americansguerrilla warfare. (Patriot’s, p. 48)

The Classification of Society � � Social classes developed from the prosperity of the

The Classification of Society � � Social classes developed from the prosperity of the American economy. Slavery became an important institution that replaced indentured white servitude. This lead to the creation of an aristocratic class in the South. Wealthy elite created a higher social class based on land mercantile wealth in the South. Northern colonist viewed South as to snotty, rich and spoiled. South viewed north as uncouth, poor, and country people.

Slavery, the institution � � � 7. 7 million slaves were transported between 1492

Slavery, the institution � � � 7. 7 million slaves were transported between 1492 and 1820. The impetus was the Atlantic Trade between England America for products of sugar, spice, indigo, tobacco, and rice. Africans farmed and worked the plantation economy to ferment sugar, harvest the stalks, and manufacture the tobacco.

Slave Trade � � � The Portuguese started by traveling inland to Benin, Songhay,

Slave Trade � � � The Portuguese started by traveling inland to Benin, Songhay, and the Konggo. They traded African kings for slaves captured by war or debt slaves. They would march the Slaves in groups called corvey feeding them little. Many died. They waited at port stations called factories for boats.

African-Americans in the war � Slave insurrection: Greatly feared and suppressed. � April 15,

African-Americans in the war � Slave insurrection: Greatly feared and suppressed. � April 15, 1775 Insurrection by John Baulding at Appomattox River. � April 21, 1775 Two slaves insurrection at Norfolk. � Massacres, insurrection, and murder was on the mouth. � � � Slaves fleeing to Dunmore: Dunmore decreed freedom for Negroes fighting for them. Slaves fought for the British and Americans. Masters whisper and tried to persuade them.

Middle Passage � � Trips across the Atlantic was a fearful experience. Slaves were

Middle Passage � � Trips across the Atlantic was a fearful experience. Slaves were placed in holds and travelled with little food and water. Slaves were depressed, and hostile. Some jump ship to commit suicide. Men and women both screamed, cried, and groaned from disease and malnutrition. Some slaves were used as bait for sharks.

Slavery in America � � � Slaves were auctioned to masters. The were initiated

Slavery in America � � � Slaves were auctioned to masters. The were initiated to “plantation life” by other slaves. Slaves were worked hard in the fields. Slaves families were always unstable and insecure. Masters would have sex with slave women. Slaves rebelled through religion, slowing work, slave uprisings, and destruction of equipment

American Revolution � The ideas that stirred the American soul! � Enlightenment ideas of

American Revolution � The ideas that stirred the American soul! � Enlightenment ideas of progress, reason, experimentation, and practical common sense influenced men like Jefferson and Madison. “Ethics comes not from revelation but by observation and common sense!” George Weatherspoon Logic, moral philosophy, and practical science improved the Great society.

Republicanism-the spectrum of the people. � � Classical Republicanism-originated from Greek and Roman literature.

Republicanism-the spectrum of the people. � � Classical Republicanism-originated from Greek and Roman literature. Freedom in Government is founded on the rule of law created by consent of governed. Moral virtue or arête sacrifice for the country and society is important. Liberal Republicanism: Individual freedom from government. John Locke: Natural rights of men. Life, liberty, and property. Social contract. Consent of governed. Democratic republicanism-common people rule. Demagogues. American Republicanism: People form social compacts. Opportunity. Small government. Equality. Representative government.

Voting Representation in Parliament � Crux of the revolutionary issue over taxation � Parliament-elected

Voting Representation in Parliament � Crux of the revolutionary issue over taxation � Parliament-elected burghers to House of Commons and aristocratic elites to the House of Lords. � Virtual representation in Parliament: Delegates in parliament represents the colonies interest. Colonies have no voice in Parliament. They were going to become ruled over by the Parliament. � Direct representation in Parliament: Benjamin Franklin wanted to be a delegate to Parliament. Colonies have a voice in Parliament. -Colonies felt that they were being treated as subjects and not Englishmen.

American political writing: Founding expression � Sermons: � Robert Tucker(1768): Civil government is a

American political writing: Founding expression � Sermons: � Robert Tucker(1768): Civil government is a means to securing rights and the pursuit of happiness(p. 116). It is through a compact that rights are secure and secure their happiness(p. 116). Civil power should suppress vice as well as to promote virtue for the civil happiness(p. 117). � John Perkins. Boston 1771: “Liberty is given by the Creator, proven by the existence of reason, and manifested by notion of right and wrong. ” This should be regulated by a good sense of morality and ethics.

Violation of Natural rights � Freedom of property or commerce: � Navigation Acts(1651): carried

Violation of Natural rights � Freedom of property or commerce: � Navigation Acts(1651): carried on English ships. Crews half English. � (1660): Carried on all English. Enumerated tobacco/sugar � (1696): Vice-admiralty courts-enforce regulations. Foreign courts, � � � Freedom of religion � � � Currency Act(1764): Limit colonial legislature ability to issue paper act. Staple Act(1663): All produce from Asia, Africa, go through England. Plantation Duty-required captains to pay a bond to deliver to England. Woolens Act(1699)Forbid export of woolen cloth to England-stop competition Hat Act(1732). Prohibit export of colonial hats. Molasses Act(1733): High tax on French West Indian molasses and help English molasses. Stamp Acts(1765): Tax on all papers, newspapers, playing cards, and various papers. All have stamp. Internal tax. Sugar Acts Townshend Acts Intolerable Acts(1774): Boston Port-close port until Boston paid for duties. Quartering Act-army lodge soldier or official in civilian buildings. Massachusetts government Act=governor and sheriffs appointed rather than eleted. Quebec Act(1774). Extended boundaries to the Ohio River. Governor and council was appointed. Civil cases had no jury. Catholic church had more power. Administration of Justice Act-crown officials can kill colonials without punishment. Freedom from invasion by army � � Quartering Act Stationing troops Writs of assistance-Arresting smugglers of molasses. Admiralty courts

The Issues of the War � � � Creation of a republican government: Continental

The Issues of the War � � � Creation of a republican government: Continental Congress. Declaration of liberty violations: Declaration of Independence. Resistance to tyranny: Committee of Correspondence. Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty. Burning in Effigy

Patriots and Loyalists � � � � Patriots suspicious of loyalists. Patriots tried to

Patriots and Loyalists � � � � Patriots suspicious of loyalists. Patriots tried to have oaths signed in 1775 and had committee’s of safety enforce it. Parents against sons etc. Loyalist consists of rich landowners who felt obligated to England, farmer tenants who rebelled against colonial government. The poor, who had no land could not pay taxes, rebelled against the colonist government and exploitation. Scottish, Dutch, and religious groups sided with the English. Age, class, gender both had their sides. Backcountry woodsmen rebelled, stole supplies, and fought with the English. Loyalists made a group of people. Some immigrated to England others to Nova Scotia. It was truly civil war. Issues: Was the Revolution necessary? Was war necessary? Why leave the mother country?

Mass Communication � Thomas Paine’s : Common Sense � Small country dominate a big

Mass Communication � Thomas Paine’s : Common Sense � Small country dominate a big country � Violation of rights of men � Common sense to leave. Newspapers, pamphlets, and articles cry out for freedom. Pamphlet from a Pennsylvania farmer

Continental Army-First Democratic army? � � No standing army in the country, a Republican

Continental Army-First Democratic army? � � No standing army in the country, a Republican tradition. Men were enlisted for a period of time and pay. Many left the army or deserted. Some never enlisted. Draft dodgers. Enlisted officers looked down on poor men Leaders were nominated by the soldiers. Mass armies that fought democratic war style. No uniform. No formations. No etiquette.

Women in the Army � � � Women enlisted and fought alongside men like

Women in the Army � � � Women enlisted and fought alongside men like Molly Pitcher(Penn), Deborah Sampson, Margaret Corbin. Some dressed as men in disguised to fight with them. They also washed, cook, and clean for the soldiers. Some poor women took clothes from the dead, served as prostitutes, did menial service for a few pennies. Women stayed home, managed finances, defended against soldiers, quartered allies, and grew crops. Widows had to fend for themselves, go through bureaucratic channels to find aid, and sometimes mourned without bodies(Peoples history of American war, 137 -138). British soldiers robbed clothes, ear rings, food, rape and physically abused colonial women. It was common practice for soldiers to take women and ravish them.

NATIVE AMERICANS � � � The Native Americans chose sides depended on the money

NATIVE AMERICANS � � � The Native Americans chose sides depended on the money and profit that they gain from either Army. Those who sided with the British knew that the colonists wanted their land natural resources like when Nathaniel Greene offered money but desired land. Iroquois' sided with the British because the colonist competed for resources. Those who sided with the Americans because of the furs, guns, and tools gain from the colonists.

Battles of the American Revolution � 1775 April 19 Battle of Lexington and Concord.

Battles of the American Revolution � 1775 April 19 Battle of Lexington and Concord. �May 10 Second Continental Congress �June 17 Battle of Bunker Hill �December 31 Attack of Quebec 1776 July 4 Declaration of Independence September 15 British take new York city December 26 Battle of Trenton 1777 Jan: Battle of Princeton Sept 11 Battle of Brandywine Creek October 17 Battle of Saratoga 1778 Dec. British capture Savanna 1780 May Fall of Charleston Dec 3 Battle of south 1781 Battle of Cowpens Battle of Yorktown