American Presidential Diplomacy Roosevelt Taft Wilson Big Stick

American Presidential Diplomacy Roosevelt Taft Wilson Big Stick Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy Moral Diplomacy

Diplomacy • Definition: The art or practice of conducting international relations, as in negotiating alliances, treaties, and agreements.

Roosevelt Elected • Teddy Roosevelt is elected President in 1900, he is popular from his Rough Rider image • Embraced the ideas of Anglo-Saxonism • Intended to make the country a world power

“Big Stick” Diplomacy • Teddy Roosevelt • OBJECTIVE: – KEEP EUROPE OUT of Latin America (Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine) – USE FORCE to defend American interests in Latin America Speak Softly but Carry a BIG STICK

Roosevelt Corollary • This was an amendment to the Monroe Doctrine. • The “Roosevelt Corollary” stated that the U. S. would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain peace and stability in the Western Hemisphere. • Reaffirm that Europe stays out of “our side” of the world… we will handle it US can intervene in Latin American Affairs We are the top dog in the Western Hemisphere

From TR’s 1904 Annual Message “All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly, and prosperous. Any country whose people conduct themselves well can count upon our hearty friendship. If a nation shows that it knows how to act with reasonable efficiency and decency in social and political matters, if it keeps order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference from the United States. Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may… ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power. ”

Great White Fleet This is my “STICK” • In 1907 Roosevelt sent 16 battleships of the US Navy on a voyage around the world to showcase the nation’s military might. • The tour made a stop in Japan to demonstrate that the US could and would uphold its interests in Asia

This is getting old. . .

Panama Canal The World’s Most Important Shortcut

What is a Canal? An area of water that is dug across land. Canals connect bodies of water so that ships can travel between them.

Where is Panama?

N O I LL E B E R Panama Canal

US Supports Rebellion • In 1903 the US supported a rebellion against Colombia and helped rebels establish a breakaway state of Panama • In exchange for the support, the US won the right to build a canal across Panama and control the adjacent territory known as the Panama Canal Zone

Why is the Canal Important? • The Spanish-American War brought the need for a short cut between the Atlantic • and Pacific oceans. • Expand trade with Latin America • Allows the United States to better defend itself and better protect interests. • Can quickly move its warships from one ocean to the other shorten the trip by nearly 8, 000 miles

Laborers

• 1904 The United States begins working The first ship to transit on the Canal • 1914 The canal is completed the Panama Canal on • It wasn’t until 1977 that the United States signed a treaty with Panama and August 15, 1914 agreed to give Panama control of the canal in 1999 The Panama Canal:

“Our interests and those of our southern neighbors are in reality identical. They have great natural riches, and if within their borders the reign of law and justice obtains, prosperity is sure to come to them…. We would interfere with them only if it became evident that their inability or unwillingness to do justice at home and abroad had violated the rights of the United States or had invited foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations. ”

Taft & Dollar Diplomacy

Dollar Diplomacy • OBJECTIVE: – PROTECT American business interests in Latin America • Latin American governments were pressured to support US business interests • By 1913 the US had displaced Great Britain as the leading exporter to Latin America

Examples: Dollar Diplomacy • 1911 – attempted to have American bankers included in international plan to invest in railroads in China • 1912 -Taft ordered Marines into Nicaragua when civil war threatened to prevent repayment of US bank loan

Taft’s Chair at the Mission Inn

Moral Diplomacy

Pro- American Governments in Latin America • MORAL DIPLOMACY OBJECTIVE: • SUPPORT democratic governments in Latin America • OPPOSE oppressive or undemocratic governments • US INTERESTS Protect US investments, US encouraged obedient, pro-American governments in Latin America • When order was threatened, the US did not hesitate to intervene • Between 1903 and 1934 the US sent armed forces one or more times to six nations in the Caribbean, occupying three of them for more than a decade

Moral Diplomacy Under Wilson • President Wilson added to the Monroe Doctrine giving it a moral tone • US had the right to deny recognition to any LA government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests. • Pressured LA countries to establish democratic governments

Examples: Moral Diplomacy • 1914 – U. S. troops sent to • 1917 – sent Marines into occupy the Mexican port the Dominican Republic of Vera Cruz • 1917 - Puerto Rico- U. S. • 1915 – sent Marines into citizenship granted to Haiti civil war Puerto Rican people; granted limited self • 1916 – Pancho Villa government raided New Mexico, killing 19 Americans; Wilson • 1917 - In Mexico – sent forces into northern “Watchful Waiting” – for Mexico until government supporting civil rights & free elections • 1916 - In the Philippinesterritorial status and promised independence

Diplomacy: Big Ideas • Roosevelt: Big Stick Diplomacy Assertion of U. S. dominance • Navy is the Big Stick “Diplomacy” ALL protected US business • Taft: Dollar Diplomacy The Effort of the US to further its aims in LA through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries. Wilson: Moral Diplomacy support is only given to countries who’s moral beliefs are similar to the US.

Impact of Imperialism • Expanded its access to foreign markets in order to ensure growth of the economy • Built a modern navy to protect its interest abroad • Used police power to ensure dominance in Latin America • US emerged as a world power