American Political Culture E Pluribus Unum From Many

American Political Culture

E Pluribus Unum: “From Many, One” Have the ideas behind “From Many, One” changed to reflect changes in the United States since the founding? Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 2

E Pluribus Unum: Early Americans • Characteristics of Early America • Vast, fertile land • Common ancestry and religious background • Shared language, customs and manners • Commitment to shared political beliefs Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 3

E Pluribus Unum: Modern Americans • Characteristics of Modern United States • • Diverse ethnic background and origin Multiple languages spoken, English dominates Diversity in religion, Christianity most prevalent Continued commitment to shared political beliefs Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 4

American People: By the Numbers 2005 Figures Number Percentage Population 296, 411, 000 100% Male 146, 000 49% Female 150, 411, 000 51% Under 20 81, 740, 000 28% 20 -39 82, 183, 000 28% 40 -59 82, 698, 000 28% 60 -74 31, 642, 000 11% 75 and older 18, 150, 000 6% Sex Age Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 5

American People: By the Numbers 2005 Figures Number Percentage Population 296, 411, 000 100% Non-Hispanic White 201, 782, 000 68% Black 37, 859, 000 13% Asian 13, 934, 000 5% American Indian/Alaska Native 3, 603, 000 1% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 812, 000 . 5% Hispanic 42, 687, 000 14% Race and Ethnicity Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 6

Immigration: Issues at the Founding • United States of America – restrict access or open for all? • Madison – prosperity linked to open immigration • Franklin – concerned about the effects of immigration in American communities • Jefferson – unrestricted immigration may undermine important American political values Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 7

Immigration: Unrestricted Access • Why unrestricted immigration until 1875? • More land jobs than residents • Large influx of European immigrants • Nativism movement and Know Nothing Party emerged in 1840 s and 1850 s Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 8

Immigration: Restricted Access (cont) • Restrictions on Immigration, 1875– 1917 • prostitutes and convicts (1875) • Chinese laborers, mentally impaired, those likely to be unable to provide for themselves (1882) • contract laborers (1885) • those with a dangerous contagious disease; previously convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude; polygamists (1891) • anarchists /advocates of violent overthrow of U. S. government (1903) • those with serious mental or intellectual disabilities; paupers; beggars (1907) • most immigrants from Asia (1917) Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 9

Immigration: Restricted Access (cont) • Political leaders wanted to restrict immigration beginning in the late 18 th century • Restricting immigration = founding principles? • Immigration issues still important topic • Why is there a renewed interest in immigration restrictions? Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 10

Immigration: Modern Issues • Features of modern immigration • More immigration from Asia than ever before • National origin quotas abolished in 1960 s • Recent decrease in number of refugees Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 11

Immigration: Modern Issues (cont) • Do you believe there are problems with legal immigration? If so, what? • Do you believe there are problems with illegal immigration? If so, what? Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 12

Immigration: Modern Issues (cont) • Many issues related to illegal immigration • Illegal immigration occurs along all borders, although primarily along the Southern border • U. S. should work to strengthen our borders and relationship with our neighboring countries. Issue is how? Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 13

Immigration: Modern Issues (cont) • Legal solutions to illegal immigration • Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 • Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 • REAL ID Act of 2005 • Secure Fence Act of 2006 Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 14

Arizona Gets Tough On Illegal Immigration Click the icon to open the movie A controversial new law takes effect in Arizona, which some say constitutes racial profiling. Air Date: 4/23/2010 Video Supplied by Motion Gallery Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 15

Video Questions 1. Does Arizona (or any state) have a right to deal with immigrants, legal or illegal, differently than other states? 2. Why does this measure enjoy support in Arizona? Would it be viewed differently in other areas of the country? 3. Does this law violate any constitutional rights? Are these rights protected for illegal immigrants? Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 16

Early Citizenship Controversies • Constitution did not clearly define citizenship in the early years • Controversies emerged over the citizenship status of two groups: • Free Blacks before the Civil War • Native Americans Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 17

Early Citizenship Controversies • Free Blacks before the Civil War • Citizenship for free blacks defined through government actions • Missouri Compromise (1820) • Seamen’s protection certificates • Scott v. Sanford (1857) Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 18

Early Citizenship Controversies • Native Americans • Treatment by British based on situation • The national government has always had the power to manage “all affairs with the Indians. ” Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 19

Early Citizenship Controversies • Legal status of Native American tribes • • • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903) Indian Citizenship Act (1924) Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 20

Acquiring American Citizenship • Citizenship through laws or treaties • Louisiana Purchase Treaty (1803) • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) • Upheld by the Supreme Court Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 21

Ellis Island arrivals at the turn of the century. Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 22

Acquiring American Citizenship (cont) • Citizenship through naturalization • Naturalization Act of 1790 • Changes to requirements since 1795 • Eliminated race as a restriction • Language restrictions changed • Citizenship oath created Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 23

Structuring Immigration Reform This story covers the passage of an immigration reform bill in 2006. Air Date: 5/26/2006 Click the icon to open the movie Video Supplied by Motion Gallery Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 24

Video Questions 1. What are the advantages of a guest worker program? Who benefits most? 2. Should border states have more say in immigration policy? 3. How would Bush’s tenure as Texas governor affect his views on immigration? 4. What are the most recent changes in immigration issues and legislation? Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 25

Rights and Responsibilities • • Voting Serving on jury U. S. passport Hold most public offices • President, Senate, House of Representatives • Offices directly affecting public policy Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 26

Rights and Responsibilities • • • Family priority for petitions Citizenship for children Federal job eligibility Residency Federal grants and scholarships Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 27

Becoming a Non-citizen • Voluntary non-citizen • Expatriation • Involuntary • • • Naturalization in foreign state Allegiance to foreign state Armed forces in foreign state Office holder in foreign state Treason Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 28

Assimilation: Competing Ideas • Two competing ideas in assimilation • Melting pot • Multiculturalism Sudanese immigrant Lopez Lomong, who became a citizen in 2007, made the 2008 U. S. Olympic Team Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 29

Assimilation: The Melting Pot • The melting pot • Leaving behind old identity • Adopting new, common American identity • Positive and negative aspects of melting pot Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 30

Assimilation: Multiculturalism • Emphasizes traditions from different cultures • Belief that American culture benefits from diversity • Positive and negative aspects of multiculturalism Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 31

Citizenship and Deliberative Democracy • Expectations of citizens • Loyalty to country and government • Respect of laws and fellow citizens • Participate in political process Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 32

Questions for Critical Thinking 1. How has the definition of citizenship changed in the United States over time? 2. How should modern immigrants be assimilated into American culture? Who bears primary responsibility? 3. Should it become more difficult to become a legal citizen? Why or not? 4. Should national or state policy prevail in dealing with illegal immigrants? Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 33

Web Links • • Department of Homeland Security National Governor’s Association National Conference of State Legislatures American Civil Liberties Union Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning 34