American Occupation Group 5 Spanish American War Causes

American Occupation Group 5

Spanish American War Causes � America had disagreements with the implementation of rules of Spain in Cuba � Yellow journalism accused Spain of numerous misdeeds � USS Maine ship exploded and killed 266 U. S. Soldiers in February 1898 ◦ The Spanish forces were held responsible for this � War spread out to the different Spanish colonies ◦ One of them is the Philippines

Battle of Manila Bay � Happened on May 1, 1891 � A battle between Spanish and American fleets ◦ American forces were led by Commodore George Dewey ◦ Spanish fleets were headed by Admiral Patricio Montojo � Americans won

Mock Battle of Manila � Took place on August 13, 1898 � Was considered “mock” because it was agreed on and pre-planned - Spain had plans to surrender to the Americans to avoid disgrace � Paved way for the Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Paris �A peace agreement between Spain and America ◦ The former would give the latter control of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines for $20 M. � Signed on December 10, 1898 in Paris, France � Followed by the Philippine-American War

Philippine-American War � Started when a Filipino was shot at the Pinaglabanan Bridge by an American. � The Philippine side of the war was led by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo �Battle of Tirad Pass ◦ Led by Gen. Gregorio del Pilar ◦ 60 Filipinos battled to defend Tirad Pass in order to stop Americans from pursuing Aguinaldo ◦ Filipinos were outnumbered but Aguinaldo had time to escape ◦ Emilio Aguinaldo was finally captured in 1901 and American soldiers took over

Generals in the Fil-Am War Antonio Luna Miguel Malvar Manuel Tinio Vicente Lukban Licerio Geronimo Macario Sakay

Military Government � Lasted from 1898 to 1901 � Military Governors were: ◦ Gen. Wesley Merritt ◦ Gen. Elwell Otis ◦ Gen. Arthur Mc. Arthur � American military had executive power and was in charge of the Philippines ACCOMPLISHMENTS - a school system where the teachers were American soldiers - Peace in some areas of the country - Civil courts such as the Supreme Court

Civil Government � Established on July 4, 1901 � Gave Filipinos the opportunity to participate in government affairs � First civil Governor was William Taft, last was Frank Murphy � Executive power of the military was transfered to the Governor in charge

THE CAMPAIGN FOR INDEPENDENCE

Cooper Act � Also known as the Philippine Bill of 1902 � States the creation of the Philippine assembly whose members are elected by the people. ◦ Would be granted once the Philippines becomes peaceful � Philippine Assembly was finally created on October 16, 1907 ◦ Manuel Quezon was the leader while Sergio Osmeña as the Speaker of the Assembly

Cooper Act � Granted the Filipinos rights except when on court trial � Allowed Filipinos to represent their country in Washington as resident commissioners

Jones Law � Approved on August 19, 1916 � Promises independence to Filipinos when government is stable ◦ Legislative power goes to the upper and lower houses of Philippine Legislature ◦ Executive power goes to the American governor general ◦ Judicial power goes to the Supreme and lower courts � Bill of Rights was included ◦ Freedom of speech and press, religion, to form assembly and to seek happiness

Missions by Filipinos � Declaration of Purposes ◦ Declared the longing of the Filipinos to be free � Independence Commission ◦ Was made to discuss procedures to gain independence ◦ 12 missions were sent to the U. S. � OSROX ◦ An independence mission made by Osmeña and Roxas ◦ Led to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act

America’s Response HARE-HAWES CUTTING ACT � States that Philippines will be given Independence after a 10 -year period under Commonwealth � Some Filipinos were for it while some weren’t ◦ Among those who disagreed is Manuel Quezon � Rejected by the legislature TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT � Since the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was not approved, Tydings-Mc. Duffie Act was made ◦ Quezon met with President Roosevelt of the U. S. to discuss a better law similar to the H-H-C Act � Created the Commonwealth Government

Commonwealth Government � Inaugurated on November 15, 1935 � Under the 1935 Constitution � A ten-year preparatory period for independence ◦ Philippines was still under America, but being assisted in organizing the country � Foci of government programs ◦ National Defense, Social justice, national language and morality ◦ Offices such as Departments of Justice, Labor, etc. were created � Leaders were elected by Filipinos � Leaders were: ◦ Manuel L. Quezon (1935 -1944) ◦ Sergio Osmeña (1944 -1946) ◦ Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 -July 4, 1946)

CHANGES IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE

Education � Schools were co-educational and public � First teachers were American soldiers ◦ Topics included the English language, civics, history, health and arts. ◦ Education was based on the American point of view to control Filipinos and gain their support � 600 teachers arrived on August 23, 1901 and were called Thomasites � Public schools include the elementary, secondary, college, etc. � Filipinos also had the opportunity to teach ◦ The Philippine Normal University was created in 1902 in Manila to teach Filipinos teaching methods

Religion � Relationship between the Church and state was destroyed � Americans brought in Protestantism ◦ However, Catholicism was still the primary religion � Protestant missionaries were sent to the different places in the Philippines ◦ They helped in charity works and teaching, and built schools, churches, hospitals and more infrastructure