American Imperialism APUSH Unit 4 America Becomes a

American Imperialism APUSH Unit 4 “America Becomes a World Power”

Keeping Up With Other Nations Imperialism- stronger nation dominates the weaker nation in some way(s). • By the mid-19 th century many European powers had established empires. • The US began to follow their example by the late 19 th century

• The Game of Grab

How Imperialism Works • Economically- Taking over their business, out selling their products. – China, Banana Republics • Politically- (Nationalist factors) Controlling their governments/colonizing. – Philippines, Cuba- Platt Amendment • Militarily- By use or show of force. – Philippines, Banana Republics, Japan, Mexico, etc. . • Culturally- (Humanitarian Factors) Influencing them to take on different customs, religions, manners. – Native Americans, Philippines, Latin America, etc. .

Jingoism • Jingoism is a term describing chauvinistic patriotism • Usually with a hawkish or expansionist political stance. • In plain language it means bullying other countries. – We don't want to fight – But, by Jingo, if we do, – We've got the ships, – We've got the men, – We've got the money, too.

The Advance of Imperialism

What You Need To Know The three diplomatic measures taken by each of these presidents – Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson

Baby steps towards an American Empire… In the early 1800 President George Washington had urged America to "steer clear of foreign affairs. ” His predecessors however, disagreed: 1. Jefferson- Louisiana Purchase- 1803 Enlarge the country…What about the Native Americans? 2. Monroe Doctrine- 1823 It’s OUR hemisphere…stay out! 3. Manifest Destiny- It’s OUR (US) Destiny (not our fault we take over everything!) 4. Commodore Perry (1853)- gets Japan to open up trade with the US.

Commodore Perry in Japan 1853

Baby Steps… continued 5. 1860’s- Had treaty set up with China, we get to have territory and bases, they get to buy our stuff. 6. 1866 - Sent troops to Mexico as “Back. Up” against French (Cinco de Maya)

China Claimed by the Great Powers

North to Alaska 7. 1867 - Seward’s Folly- Bought Alaska from Russians – We paid $7. 2 million – About 2. 5 cents per acre for an area twice the size of Texas 8. 1890’s The US builds the Great White Fleet. – The US becomes an “instant” military power on the seas

Heading South for the Winter AND Summer 9. 1867 - 1890 - What about all these Pacific Islands? Hawaii, Midway, Samoa. . 10. 1880’s- Hello Latin America- Give us your bananas, and we’ll give you American stuff to buy. 11. 1898 - Spanish American War- Let’s the Spanish out of there once and for all (Cuba and Philippines)

• An Unhappy Spanish Colony. Cuban Revolution - Cubans were being mistreated by Spain. • Became an issue when US sugar cane companies couldn’t get enough workers to their fields • Cuban exiles- like Jose Marti who wrote newspaper articles that plead with President Mc. Kinley to help Cuban Rebels, say it just like France helping American Patriots back in 1776.

Should we “Keep the Peace” or “Keep a Piece of the Pie”? • Pressure from the Press – Wm. Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer compete with each other to sell more newspapers by telling exaggerated stories about what was going on in Cuba. – Violence sells, people interested. Americans want to help rebels. • Sugar Companies want American involvement– These BIG companies pressure President Mc. Kinley to assist Cuban Rebels.

The Yellow Kid and Yellow Journalism • The star of a popular comic strip was the “Yellow Kid” – The use of color was a first • Both Hearst and Pulitzer soon carried the strip and others • Soon people were calling the World, the Journal, and other papers like them "the yellow press. " • What was the most important story of the Yellow Journalism era? "They colored the funnies, but they colored the news as well. "

The Sinking Makes Headlines! • The story became headlines in the New York Journal and The World newspapers. – Hundreds of editorials demanded that the Maine and American honor be avenged. – Many Americans agreed. • Soon a rallying cry could be heard everywhere -- in the papers, on the streets, and in the halls of Congress: "Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain. "

The USS Maine Havana Harbor, February 16, 1898

The Spanish American War Begins • Remember The Maine- Mc. Kinley sends the USS Maine to protect American interests- Sugar companies and people. • It is mysteriously blown up in Havana Harbor. • Newspapers report it as a Spanish Attack! The U. S. wants revenge! • WAR is declared with Spain – Some small battles in Cuba get a lot of press. – The real battle will between the Navies.

The Spanish American War “A Splendid Little War” -Secretary of State John Hay • US Dominates- US Navy finds the Spanish Navy in Manila Harbor the wipe out their old wooden ships with new American steel ships. • War Over in 3 Months- US is a World Power – We are 1 -0! – US gets the Philippines, Cuba, Guam- But what do we do with them? • Start an Empire– What Issues do we have this? – What Problems will we encounter with administering an empire?

Teddy Roosevelt Charges up San Juan Hill! • When war broke with Spain in April of that year, Roosevelt was serving as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. • He immediately quit his position and helped form a regiment of volunteers. • The "Rough Riders" enlisted cowboys and college men led by Roosevelt under the command of Leonard Wood. • They arrived in Cuba in time to take part in the Battle of San Juan Hill. • The victory at San Juan Hill gave the Americans control of the heights overlooking the Spanish stronghold of Santiago and doomed the Spanish to defeat in Cuba.

Roosevelt (center) and the Rough Riders celebrate at the top of San Juan Hill

World, Here We Come! 12. Guam- No Problem- Creates a stopover for US Ships 13. Latin America- Our version of Africa or Asia (Natural resources galore!) 14. Cuba- We tried to help you, but I guess we’ll just take you over. Passed Platt Amendment (Valid until 1934) Cuba can not make any agreements without US “help” and established military bases there

President Mc. Kinley: "The truth is I didn't want the Philippines, and when they came to us as a gift from the gods, I did not know what to do with them. . I sought counsel from all sides Democrats as well as Republicans - but got little help "And one night late it came to me this way …

President Mc. Kinley: 1. We could not give them back to Spain - that would be cowardly and dishonorable 2. We could not turn them over to France or Germany- that would be bad business and discreditable 3. We could not leave them to themselves - they were unfit for self-government 4. That there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them. “And then I went to bed and went to sleep and slept soundly. ”

The White Man’s Burden • After the Spanish-American War, the American government believed that the Philippines were unable to rule themselves. • It was believed that U. S. should rule it with “honor”. • “America…is morally bound to build the house over again from the foundations or have it fall about her ears. ”

White Man’s Burden Rudyard Kipling To wait in heavy harness Take up the White On fluttered folk and wild Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye — Your new-caught, sullen breed— Go send your sons to peoples, Half devil and half child exile To serve your captives' Take up the White Man’s burden need In patience to abide

The Filipino’s Fight Back Philippine Insurrection- Tougher than the Spanish American War- 3 years +3, 000 dead and we still don’t control everything. Establish their government with a governor appointed by US President

Kill Every One Over Ten

What has the United States Fought For? (For the Filipinos/Cubans/Hawaiians/Panamanians…or for the Americans? )

The Death of Mc. Kinley • The following year Roosevelt was selected to fill the Vice Presidential spot in President Mc. Kinley's successful run for a second term in 1900. • He was standing in a receiving line at the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition when a deranged anarchist shot him twice. He died eight days later. • With Mc. Kinley's assassination in September 1901, Roosevelt became President.

Diplomacy During the Roosevelt Presidency Roosevelt Corollary An extension of the Monroe Doctrine which said US would exercise power to prevent intervention from other countries in Latin America “Speak softly and carry a big stick: You will go far. If the American nation will speak softly and yet build and keep at a pitch of the highest training a thoroughly efficient navy, the Monroe Doctrine will go far. ”

“Big Stick” Diplomacy • Use of military force to influence political events in other countries • US can and will intervene! “sooner or later, we must keep order ourselves”

The 1800’s 1835 France is given a permit to build a canal across Panama. However first they have to come up with a plan to build the canal. In 1881 they finally start… A MAN A PLAN A CANAL PANAMA

The Panama Canal

Image Courtesy of: http: //www. anu. edu. au/Bo. Zo/jennions/images/Panama%20 lake. jpg

Courtesy of: http: //www. canalmuseum. com/photos/panamacanalphoto 002. htm

Courtesy of: http: //www. canalmuseum. com/photos/panamacanalphoto 002. htm

Courtesy of: http: //www. canalmuseum. com/photos/panamacanalphoto 003. htm

The French Give Up • 1881 A French company begins construction on the canal. • Over 20, 000 construction workers died working on the project for France and the company trying to build the canal goes bankrupt. • After eight years France gives up on the project.

The United States in Panama • 15. Under the leadership of TR, the United States takes over construction and work begins on the Canal in 1904

The Canal shortens the trip across the US by nearly 8000 miles!

Sideview of the Panama Canal

Challenges of Building the Canal Just like when the French had tried to build the canal, the builders of the canal had to figure out how to cut a 51 mile path through a tropical jungle and an area of mountains!

The Lock System The Panama Canal consists of locks and gates at each end where boats are raised or lowered to different water levels.

Here are the giant locks Courtesy of: http: //www. canalmuseum. com/photos/panamacanalphoto 026. htm

Here are the giant locks being built

The building of the canal Photo courtesy of: www. canalmuseum. com

The building of the canal Photo courtesy ofwww. canalmuseum. com

1914 The Canal Opens Image Courtesy of: http: //www. canalmuseum. com/photos/panamacanalphoto 042. htm

Here is how the Panama Canal works Photo Courtesy of: http: //navy. memorieshop. com/Panama/Profile. PC. jpg

Who Owns the Canal Today? • In 1977, the United States signed a treaty with Panama and agreed to give Panama control of the canal in 1999 – Do you agree with this decision? ?

Imperialism in China • Throughout the nineteenth century, China's emperors had watched as foreigners encroached further and further upon their land. • Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia all claimed exclusive trading rights to certain parts of China. • Now, as a new century was about to begin the Empress Dowager of the Ch'ing Dynasty, searched for a way to rid her empire of “foreign parasites.

Imperialism in China “Spheres of Influence” • “Spheres of Influence” – The division of control over China around the turn of the century – China is said to be "carved up like a melon" by foreign powers competing for "spheres of influence" on Chinese soil.

John Hay and the “Open Door” • John Hay was Roosevelt’s Secretary of State, sent letters to all the foreign powers and suggested an "Open Door" policy in China. • This policy would guarantee equal trading rights for all and prevent one nation from discriminating against another within its sphere.

The Open Door Policy • Roosevelt’s chief concern in Asia was to preserve trade with China… – AKA the “Open Door Policy” • TR helped with negotiations that ended the Russo-Japanese War • He won the Nobel Prize and kept trade open for Russia and other world powers.

Open Door Policy 16. 1899 - America suggests an Open Door Policy for China. • In this policy: – (1) spheres of influence would be accepted formally by all powers – (2) all nations would be treated equally within each sphere of influence – (3) all nations would receive tariff extensions from China – (4) China's sovereignty would be preserved.

The Annexation of Hawaii • Hawaii had become an important trading partner with the US (sugar, fruits…) by the 1840’s • King Kalakaua was forced to give up a great deal of powers to the planters including Sanford Dole in 1887

The Republic of Hawaii • Upon the King’s death, his sister became Queen Liluokalani • Dole removed her from power and declared himself president of the Hawaiian Islands Republic • 17. In 1898, with a naval base firmly established at Pearl Harbor, the United States officially annexed Hawaii.

Uncle Sam and Pres. Cleveland are playing chess with pieces representing the U. S. senators and Queen Lili'uokalani as Sanford Dole watches through the window.

President Grover Cleveland is depicted as a siren sitting on a rock, the Sandwich Isles lie in the distance, a U. S. vessel is shipwrecked and a British ship nearby .

In the back of the classroom students representing California, Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and Alaska are quietly reading. In the front row are boys representing the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Hawaii looking as if they would rather not be there.

The Anti-Imperialists • On June 15, 1898, the Antiimperialist League formed to fight U. S. annexation of the Philippines, citing a variety of reasons ranging from the economic to the legal to the racial to the moral. • It included among its members such notables as Joseph Pulitzer, Andrew Carnegie and Mark Twain.

Platform of the American Anti lmperialist League “We hold, with Abraham Lincoln, that "no man is good enough to govern another man without that other's consent. When the white man governs himself, that is selfgovernment, but when he governs himself and also governs another man, that is more than selfgovernment. That is despotism. "

So Long, Teddy, Hello Big Guy • Roosevelt decides not to run again and picks William Howard Taft to succeed him as Republican nominee – Taft had been Governor of the Philippines – Shared some of T. R. ’s beliefs about breaking up trusts, but still supported business – Thought U. S. investment abroad would help Latin America gain stability.

Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy • Maintain “Open Door” in Asia and Latin America but “Substitute dollars for bullets” • Reflected Taft’s probusiness views

The battle between Taft and Roosevelt bitterly split the Republican Party; Taft's people dominated the party until 1936.

Cartoon depicting William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt lying exhausted after the 1912 presidential campaign and saying, “Cheer up! I might have won. ”

Woodrow Wilson • Democratic former Governor of New Jersey and former president/professor at Princeton • Son of a Minister—strong Christian upbringing • Angers T. R. by trying to make a treaty awarding Colombia damages for the loss of the Panama Canal Zone. • Sponsors a new kind of diplomacy…

Moral Diplomacy Main goals of Moral Diplomacy: • Spread Democracy • Promote Human Rights • Promote Peace • Condemn Colonialism How Wilson wants to do it: • Negotiations • Third-party arbitration • Cease-fire agreements

What you Already Know The three diplomatic measures taken by each of these presidents – Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson What YOU Need to Know Next • Why was the United States still unable to avoid entering WWI in 1917? • To be continued …

Does American Imperialism Still Continue? ? • Mid-20 th Century – Vietnam 1954 - 1975 – Latin America - 1930 - 2003+ • Late 20 th Century – Africa – Asia – Middle East • Today – Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria ? ? How do these people feel about the US today?

Discuss: Was 9 11 a result of American Imperialism? Yes or no? ?