American History The American Colonies England forces the

American History The American Colonies England forces the Dutch from North America and establishes thirteen colonies. Later, Britain clashes with France and gains more territory in North America. 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History The American Colonies ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why did American colonies in different regions develop varying economic, political, and societal practices? LESSON 1 The English Settle Virginia LESSON 2 Colonial Settlement Continues LESSON 3 Relations with England LESSON 4 Colonial Economies LESSON 5 Life in the Colonies LESSON 6 The French and Indian War 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History LESSON 1 The English Settle Virginia The first permanent English settlement in North America is founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History The English Settle Virginia LESSON 1 English settlers Struggle in North America • Disease and starvation nearly end England’s attempts at a colony in North America The Business of Colonization • Joint-stock companies—investors fund colony, get profits • In 1607, Virginia Company sends 150 people to found Jamestown A Disastrous Start • Colonists seek gold, suffer from disease and hunger • John Smith forces colonists to farm; gets help from Powhatan people • 1609, 600 colonists arrive; Powhatan destroy farms; “starving time, ” only 60 survive 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

American History Lesson 1 English settlers Struggle in North America (continued) Jamestown Begins to Flourish • New arrivals revive and expand colony; grow tobacco “Brown Gold” and Indentured Servants • Tobacco becomes profitable; export 1. 5 million pounds by late 1620 s • Headright system, purchaser of passage gets 50 acres; lures settlers • Plantation owners use indentured servants; work 4 to 7 years for passage The First African Laborers • 1619, First Africans arrive; treated as indentured servants • Late 1600 s, owners begin importing costly slaves because: – indentured population decreases – colony becomes wealthy 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History The English Settle Virginia LESSON 1 The Settlers Clash with Native Americans • As the Virginia colony expanded, clashes with Native Americans increased The English Pattern of Conquest • Laws of Conquest, English do not live or intermarry with Native Americans The Settlers Battle Native Americans • Continued hostilities between Powhatan and English after “starving time” • 1614, marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe creates temporary peace • Colonists claim more land, fighting resumes • Virginia Company sends more troops, supplies; nearly bankrupt • King makes Virginia royal colony under his control 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History The English Settle Virginia LESSON 1 Conflict with Virginia’s Government • Virginia Company establishes representative government; only landowners can vote The House of Burgesses • 1619, first meeting in Jamestown • Authority to tax and make laws, royal governor can veto Hostilities Develop • Former indentured people settle frontier – cannot vote, pay high taxes – tax money used mainly to benefit rich planters • Frontier settlers battle natives; tension between frontier, wealthy • Governor refuses to give tax money to help frontier fight natives 7 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

American History Lesson 1 Conflict with Virginia’s Government (continued) Bacon’s Rebellion • 1676, Nathaniel Bacon raises army to fight natives on frontier • Governor calls Bacon’s army illegal; Bacon rebels sets fire to Jamestown • Bacon dies of illness, rebels defeated; but power of frontier settlers grows 8 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History LESSON 2 Colonial Settlement Continues English Puritans come to North America beginning in 1620. The Dutch settle New Netherland; English Quakers settle Pennsylvania. 9 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Colonial Settlement Continues LESSON 2 Puritans Create a “New England” • Puritans emigrate to create a model new society Puritans and Pilgrims • Puritans, religious group, want to purify Church of England • Separatists, including Pilgrims, form independent congregations • In 1620, Pilgrims flee to escape persecution, found Plymouth Colony • Mayflower Compact establishes majority rule The Massachusetts Bay Company • In 1630, joint-stock company founds Massachusetts Bay Colony • John Winthrop is Massachusetts Bay Colony’s first governor “City Upon a Hill” • Political power spread broadly in Massachusetts Bay Colony • Puritan adult males vote for General Court; Court chooses governor 10 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

American History Lesson 2 Puritans Create a “New England” (continued) Church and States • Civic officials are church members, have duty to do God’s will • Puritan laws criminalize sins Importance of Family • Puritans generally migrate as families • Community makes sure family members behave in “God-fearing” way 11 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Colonial Settlement Continues LESSON 2 Dissent in the Puritan Community • Dissent, division soon threaten the social order of the Massachusetts Bay Colony The Founding of Providence • Roger Williams—extreme Separatist minister with controversial views – lands rightfully belong to Narragansett – can’t punish settlers for religious beliefs • General Court orders his arrest; Williams flees • Williams founds colony of Providence – negotiates for land with Narragansett tribe – guarantees separation of church and state, religious freedom Anne Hutchinson Banished • Hutchinson teaches that church, ministers are unnecessary • Hutchinson banished 1638; family, followers leave colony 12 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Colonial Settlement Continues LESSON 2 Native Americans Resist Colonial Expansion • Settlers spread to western Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut Disputes Over Land • Natives think land treaties temporary, Europeans think permanent The Pequot War • 1637, Pequot War—Pequot takes stand against colonists – Colonists form an alliance with Narragansett; nearly destroy Pequot King Philip’s War • Deprived of land, natives toil for English, must follow Puritan laws • Wampanoag chief Metacom organizes tribes to wipe out settlers • 1675, King Philip’s War fierce, hit-and-run tactics – hunger, disease, casualties defeat tribes – settlers gain control of New England, but many killed in war 13 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Colonial Settlement Continues LESSON 2 The Dutch Found New Netherland • • • 1621, the Dutch West India Company colonizes New Netherland 1625, New Amsterdam becomes capital of colony 1655, Dutch take over New Sweden colony A Diverse Colony • Settlers from other European countries and Africa welcomed • Good relations with Native Americans; Dutch trade for furs English Takeover • Colonists use their right to petition to determine border between New England, New Netherland • 1664, duke of York captures New Netherland without firing a shot – renames colony New York – later gives part of land to friends, names it New Jersey 14 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Colonial Settlement Continues LESSON 2 The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania • With New Netherland, England extends its American empire Penn’s “Holy Experiment” • In 1681, King Charles repays debt to Penn family with American land – William Penn founds Pennsylvania on Quaker principles • Quakers ideas: equality, cooperation, religious toleration, pacifism • Pennsylvania meant to be a “holy experiment” – adult males get 50 acres, right to vote – representative assembly – freedom of religion Native American Relations • Penn treats native people fairly – regulates trade – court of colonists, Native Americans to settle disagreements – over 50 years without conflict 15 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

American History Lesson 2 The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania (continued) A Thriving Colony • Penn recruits immigrants; thousands of Germans go to Pennsylvania • Quakers become minority; slavery is introduced Thirteen Colonies • Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, founds Maryland; has religious freedom • Key supporters of King Charles found Carolina – southern part, estates depends on slave labor – northern part, mostly small farms – 1729, King splits colony into North Carolina and South Carolina • James Ogelthorpe founds Georgia as haven for debtors • By 1752, there are 13 British colonies in North America 16 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History LESSON 3 Relations with England and its largely self-governing colonies prospered under a mutually beneficial trade relationship. 17 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Relations with England LESSON 3 England Its Colonies Prosper • Colonial system designed mostly to enrich Britain Mercantilism • Mercantilism—countries must get gold, silver to be self-sufficient • English settlers export raw materials; import manufactured goods • Favorable balance of trade means more gold coming in than going out The Navigation Acts • Colonial merchants pursue foreign markets; embrace capitalism • England sees colonial sales to other countries as economic threat • 1651, Parliament passes Navigation Acts, laws restrict colonial trade – Acts benefit both England most colonists 18 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Relations with England LESSON 3 Tensions Emerge • • Some colonists resent Navigation Acts; still smuggle goods abroad 1684, King Charles acts to punish colonist who resist English authority Crackdown in Massachusetts • In 1684 King Charles revokes corporate charter; creates royal colony The Dominion of New England • In 1685, King James creates Dominion of New England – land from southern Maine to New Jersey united into one colony – to make colony more obedient, Dominion placed under single ruler • Governor Sir Edmund Andros antagonizes Puritans, merchants 19 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

American History Lesson 3 Tensions Emerge (continued) The Glorious Revolution • King James unpopular in England; is Catholic, disrespects Parliament • 1689, Glorious Revolution—Parliament asserts its power over monarch – Parliament crowns Mary (James’s daughter) and William of Orange – English Bill of Rights limits monarchs’ power • Massachusetts colonists arrest Governor Andros, royal councilors • Parliament restores separate colonial charters • 1691, Massachusetts charter has royal governor, religious toleration 20 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Relations with England LESSON 3 England Loosens the Reins • After 1688, England focuses attention on its rivalry with France Salutary Neglect • Smuggling trials in admiralty courts with English judges, no juries • Board of Trade has broad powers to monitor colonial trade • England’s salutary neglect—does not enforce laws in exchange for economic loyalty The Seeds of Self-Government • Local governments have more influence than Parliament – town meetings; elected assembly – assembly influences governor, pay his salary • Royal colonies, governor appointed by king; proprietary, governor appointed by proprietor – commands military; power to veto, make treaties, choose officials • Colonists still consider themselves British 21 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

American History LESSON 4 Colonial Economies In the southern colonies, a predominately agricultural society develops. The northern colonies develop an economy based mostly on commerce and trade. 22 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Colonial Economies LESSON 4 A Plantation Economy Arises • • • Fertile soil leads to growth of agriculture Farmers specialize in cash crops grown for sale, not personal use Long, deep rivers allow planters to ship goods directly to markets Plantations produce most of what they need on their property – Few cities grow: warehouses, shops not needed 1600 s, male indentured servants are 1/2 to 2/3 of immigrants 1700 s, reports of hardship keep European laborers away 23 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Colonial Economies LESSON 4 Slavery Becomes Entrenched • European colonists gradually begin to meet labor needs with enslaved Africans The Evolution of Slavery • English colonists increasingly unable to enslave Native Americans • Indentured servant price rises; slaves work for life, are better buy • Most white colonists think Africans’ dark skin justifies slavery The European Slave Trade • 1600 s, large numbers of slaves working on Caribbean plantations – 1700 s, slave populations in 13 colonies grow • 3 -way triangular trade network ties colonies, Africa, West Indies – New England exports rum to Africa – Africa exports slaves to West Indies – West Indies export sugar, molasses to New England 24 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

American History Lesson 4 Slavery Becomes Entrenched (continued) The Middle Passage • Middle passage—middle leg of transatlantic trade, transports slaves • 20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease, abuse, suicide Slavery in the South • 80% to 90% of slaves work in fields; 10% to 20% work in house or as artisans • Slaves work full-time from age 12 until death • Owners beat, whip slaves considered disobedient, disrespectful 25 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Colonial Economies LESSON 4 Commerce Grows in the North • • 1650– 1750, colonies’ economy grows twice as fast as Great Britain’s Most growth in New England, middle colonies A Diversified Economy • Cold winters, rocky soil restrict New Englanders to small farms • Middle colonies raise livestock, crops; export surplus • Diverse commercial economy develops in New England, middle colonies • By mid-1700 s, merchants are powerful group in North Urban Life • Growth in trade leads to large port cities like New York, Boston • Philadelphia second largest city in British empire; has urban plan 26 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History LESSON 5 Life in the Colonies Both the northern and southern colonies develop diverse societies. The South is mostly rural, and the North is mostly urban. 27 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Life in the Colonies LESSON 5 Northern Society is Diverse • Diverse groups in the North sometimes class with those in power Influx of Immigrants • 1700 s, large influx of immigrants; Germans, Scots-Irish, Dutch, Jews • Immigrants encounter prejudice, clash with frontier Native Americans Slavery in the North • Less slavery in North than in South; prejudice still exists • Slaves have some legal rights, but highly restricted Women in Northern Society • Women have extensive work responsibilities, few legal rights • Only single women, widows can own businesses • Wives must submit to husbands 28 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

American History Lesson 5 Northern Society is Diverse (continued) Witchcraft Trials in Salem • 1692, false accusations of witchcraft lead to trials, hysteria • Many accusers poor, brought charges against rich • Several victims were women considered too independent • 19 persons hanged, 1 crushed to death, 4 or 5 die in jail, 150 imprisoned 29 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Life in the Colonies LESSON 5 New ideas Influence the Colonists • 1700 s, people begin to make changes in how they view the world The Enlightenment • Enlightenment—movement in 1700 s emphasizing reason, observation – ideas spread quickly through books, pamphlets • Benjamin Franklin embraces Enlightenment ideas; experimentation • Enlightenment views affect social, political thought in colonies The Great Awakening • Puritans lose grip on Massachusetts society, membership declines • Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful, must seek God’s love • Great Awakening—religious revival of the 1730 s and 1740 s • Native Americans, African Americans, colonists join new churches • Interest in learning increases; Protestants found colleges • Enlightenment, Great Awakening both question authority, stress individual’s importance 30 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Life in the Colonies LESSON 5 Life in Southern Society • The rich, fertile land warm climate of the South attracts immigrants A Diverse and Prosperous People • 1700 s, many German, Scots-Irish immigrants settle in South – Germans: farmers and artisans – Scots, Scots-Irish: willing to fight for political rights; push westward into frontier • Mostly small farmers, but planters control economy • By mid-1700 s, growth in export trade makes colonies prosperous The Role of Women • Women have few legal or social rights, little formal schooling • Most women cook, clean, garden, do farm chores • Rich and poor women must submit to husbands’ will 31 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History Life in the Colonies LESSON 5 Africans Cope in Their New World • • Africans in North America have different cultures, languages Diverse Africans bond together for support and to resist Culture and Family • Slaves preserve cultural heritage: crafts, music, stories, dance • Merchants, owners split families; other slaves raise children left behind • Ring shout, circular religious dance; endures despite efforts to stop it Resistance and Revolt • Slaves resist subservient position, fake illness, break tools, stage work slowdowns • 1739, Stono Rebellion—planter families killed, militia defeats slaves • Colonists tighten slave laws, but slave rebellions continue • Slaves attempt escape, find refuge with Native Americans 32 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History LESSON 6 The French and Indian War British victories helped spread the English language throughout North America. 33 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History The French and Indian War LESSON 6 Rivals for an Empire • 1750 s, Britain, France colonial rivals; both want Ohio River Valley France’s North American Empire • France claims St. Lawrence River region, Mississippi Valley • By 1754, French colony of New France has small population – 70, 000 French colonists, 1 million British in North America A Different Kind of Colony • French colonists mostly fur traders, missionary priests • French have good relations, military alliances with natives 34 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History The French and Indian War LESSON 6 Britain Defeats an Old Enemy • • France and Britain fight two inconclusive wars in early 1700 s French build Fort Duquesne in Ohio Valley, land claimed by Virginia 1754, George Washington is sent to evict French; is defeated French and Indian War begins, fourth war between Britain and France Early French Victories • General Edward Braddock’s army ambushed near Fort Duquesne • 1755– 1756, British lose repeated battles to French, native allies – Washington, other colonists begin to question competence of British army Pitt and the Iroquois Turn the Tide • William Pitt helps British win battles; Iroquois join British • 1759, British capture of Quebec, leads to victory in war • 1763, Treaty of Paris ends war; land divided between Britain, Spain 35 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued…

American History Lesson 6 Britain Defeats an Old Enemy (continued) Victory Brings New Problems • Ottawa leader Pontiac fears loss of land; captures British forts • British use smallpox as weapon; Native Americans greatly weakened • British issue Proclamation of 1763, colonists cannot settle west of Appalachians 36 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History The French and Indian War LESSON 6 The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart • • Halt to western expansion upsets colonists Britain’s financial crisis brings new laws to colonies British Policies Anger Colonists • Tensions in Massachusetts increase over crackdown on smuggling • 1761, writs of assistance allow searches of ships, businesses, homes; merchants outraged Problems Resulting from the War • Colonists feel threatened by 10, 000 British troops stationed in colonies • Prime Minister George Grenville sets policies to pay war debt • 1764, Parliament passes Sugar Act – duty on foreign molasses halved – new duties placed on other imports – smuggling cases go to vice-admiralty court 37 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

American History This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button. 38 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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