American Government Roots and Reform 2014 Election Update

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Civil Rights 5 AP Images/St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Robert Cohen American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5 Learning Objectives 5. 1 Trace the efforts from 1800 to 1890 of African Americans and women to win the vote. 5. 2 Outline developments of African Americans' and women's push for equality from 1890 to 1954. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5 Learning Objectives 5. 3 5. 4 Analyze the civil rights movement and the effects of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Assess statutory and constitutional remedies for discrimination pursued and achieved by the women's movement. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5 Learning Objectives 5. 5 Describe how other groups have mobilized in pursuit of their own civil rights. 5. 6 Evaluate the ongoing debate concerning civil rights and affirmative action. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Roots of Suffrage: 1800– 1890 5. 1 ¤ Slavery and Congress ¤ The First Civil Rights Movements: Abolition and Women's Rights ¤ The 1850 s: The Calm Before the Storm ¤ The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Civil Rights Laws and Constitutional Amendments ¤ Civil Rights, Congress, and the Supreme Court American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5. 1 Slavery and Congress ¤ Slave trade ended 1808 ¤ Introduction of cotton gin n South became more dependent on agriculture. ¤ Missouri Compromise of 1820 American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The First Civil Rights Movement: Abolition and Women's Rights ¤ The American Anti-Slavery Society n William Lloyd Garrison n Arthur Tappan ¤ Seneca Falls Convention n Elizabeth Cady Stanton n Lucretia Mott ¤ Sojourner Truth: 'Ain't I a Woman? ' American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 1

5. 1 Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton? Bettmann/Corbis American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The 1850 s: The Calm Before the Storm ¤ Uncle Tom's Cabin n Harriet Beecher Stowe n 'The little woman who started the big war' ¤ Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) n Missouri Compromise declared unconstitutional n Declared slaves were not U. S citizens American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 1

The Civil War and Its Aftermath: Civil Rights Laws and Constitutional Amendments ¤ Thirteenth Amendment n Black Codes ¤ Fourteenth Amendment n Equal Protection Clause ¤ Fifteenth Amendment n Excluded women n National Woman Suffrage Association American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 1

Civil Rights, Congress, and the Supreme Court 5. 1 ¤ Civil Rights Act of 1875 n Equal access to public accommodations ¤ Reconstruction (federal occupation of the South) ended 1877 ¤ Jim Crow laws n Poll taxes n Grandfather clause American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5. 1 What did Jim Crow laws do? Art Resource American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5. 1 Which amendment guaranteed the right to vote without regard to 'race, color or previous condition of servitude? ' a. Thirteenth Amendment b. Fourteenth Amendment c. Fifteenth Amendment d. None of the above American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 1

5. 1 Which amendment guaranteed the right to vote without regard to 'race, color or previous condition of servitude? ' a. Thirteenth Amendment b. Fourteenth Amendment c. Fifteenth Amendment d. None of the above American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 1

The Push for Equality, 18901954 ¤ The Founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) ¤ The Suffrage Movement ¤ Litigating for Equality American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 2

The Founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 5. 2 ¤ Race riots n Progressive reformers worried such riots would get worse. ¤ National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) n Oswald Garrison Villard n W. E. B. Du Bois American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Why was the Niagara Movement founded? Schomburg Center/Art Resource, NY American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 2

5. 2 The Suffrage Movement ¤ National American Woman Suffrage Association n Headed by Susan B. Anthony n Nineteenth Amendment ¤ National Woman's Party ¤ National Consumers League ¤ Woman's Christian Temperance Union American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Mr. President, how long must we wait for liberty? Library of Congress American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 2

5. 2 Litigating for Equality ¤ Test Cases n Challenged constitutionality of segregated law schools n NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund ¤ Brown v. Board of Education (1954) n Struck down 'separate but equal' American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5. 2 Which organization fought for protections for women workers? a. National American Woman Suffrage Association b. National Consumers League c. Woman's Christian Temperance Union d. National Woman's Party American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 2

5. 2 Which organization fought for protections for women workers? a. National American Woman Suffrage Association b. National Consumers League c. Woman's Christian Temperance Union d. National Woman's Party American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 2

The Civil Rights Movement ¤ ¤ ¤ School Desegregation After Brown A New Move for African American Rights Formation of New Groups The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Statutory Remedies for Race Discrimination American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 3

School Desegregation After Brown ¤ 'With all deliberate speed' n Brown not immediately implemented ¤ Cooper v. Aaron (1958) American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 3

5. 3 A New Move for African American Rights ¤ Rosa Parks n Boycott of the Montgomery city bus system ¤ Segregated bus system ruled unconstitutional American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

What role did civil disobedience play in the civil rights movement? AP Images/Gene Herrick American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 3

Formation of New Groups 5. 3 ¤ Southern Christian Leadership Conference n Martin Luther King, Jr. ¤ Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee n 'Freedom rides' American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How did Civil Rights Laws change in the United States? AP Images American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 3

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ¤ March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963) n Martin Luther King, Jr. 's, "I Have a Dream" speech ¤ President Lyndon B. Johnson's priority n Longest filibuster in Senate history American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 3

Statutory Remedies for Race Discrimination ¤ Education n Department of Justice could bring cases against school districts n De jure discrimination versus de facto discrimination ¤ Employment n "Business necessity" of practices that excluded African Americans American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 3

5. 3 Which civil rights group was 5. 3 founded by the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. ? a. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People b. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee c. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference d. The Legal Defense and Educational Fund American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5. 3 Which civil rights group was 5. 3 founded by the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. ? a. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People b. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee c. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference d. The Legal Defense and Educational Fund American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Women's Rights Movement ¤ The Equal Rights Amendment ¤ The Equal Protection Clause and Constitutional Standards of Review ¤ Statutory Remedies for Sex Discrimination American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 4

The Equal Rights Amendment 5. 4 ¤ Two key provisions n Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. n The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ¤ Roe v. Wade n Eroded support for Equal Rights Amendment American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Who continues to fight for the ERA? Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 4

The Equal Protection Clause and Constitutional Standards of Review ¤ Levels of scrutiny n n Suspect classifications Strict scrutiny Intermediate scrutiny Rational basis ¤ Craig v. Boren (1976) American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 4

TABLE 5. 1 What are the standards of review fashioned by the Court under the Equal Protection Clause? American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 4

Statutory Remedies for Sex Discrimination ¤ Equal Pay Act of 1963 n Requires equal pay for equal work ¤ Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964 n Prohibits gender discrimination by employers ¤ Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 n Bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 4

What are the practical consequences of pay equity? Christian Science Monitor American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 4

5. 4 Which standard of review applies to cases alleging sex discrimination? a. Rational basis test b. Intermediate scrutiny c. Strict scrutiny d. All of the above American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 4

5. 4 Which standard of review applies to cases alleging sex discrimination? a. Rational basis test b. Intermediate scrutiny c. Strict scrutiny d. All of the above American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 4

Other Groups Mobilize for Rights ¤ ¤ ¤ Hispanic Americans American Indians Asian and Pacific Island Americans Gays and Lesbians Americans with Disabilities American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 5

5. 5 Hispanic Americans ¤ Hernandez v. Texas (1954) n Jury should include other Mexican Americans ¤ César Chávez n United Farm Workers Union ¤ Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) ¤ Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund n Renamed Latino. Justice PRLDEF American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Who represents Hispanic Americans in Congress? American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 5

5. 5 American Indians ¤ ¤ Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Dawes Act (1887) Native American Rights Fund (1970) Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

How were American Indians treated by the U. S. government? 5. 5 Eastern Washington State Historical Society American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Asian and Pacific Island Americans ¤ Pan-Asian identity n Difficult to forge ¤ Free migration to support railroad n Chinese Exclusion Act ¤ World War II n Korematsu v. U. S. n Civil Liberties Act American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 5

How were Japanese Americans treated during World War II? Corbis American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 5

5. 5 Gays and Lesbians ¤ Don't Ask, Don't Tell n Revised prohibition of gays in military n Ended in 2010 ¤ Lawrence v. Texas (2003) ¤ Same-sex marriage n Legal only in some states American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Why is same-sex marriage controversial? Marcio Jose Sanchez, Pool/AP Images American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 5

Americans with Disabilities ¤ Disabled veterans n Returning from Korea and Vietnam ¤ Americans with Disabilities Act n Legal protections against discrimination ¤ American Association of People with Disabilities n Advocacy group American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 5

Whom does the Americans with Disabilities Act protect? Jason R. Davis/AP Images American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 5

5. 5 Which of the following encouraged assimilation of American Indians? a. U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission b. Dawes Act c. Lawrence v. Texas d. Native American Rights Fund American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5. 5 Which of the following encouraged assimilation of American Indians? a. U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission b. Dawes Act c. Lawrence v. Texas d. Native American Rights Fund American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Toward Reform: Civil Rights and Affirmative Action ¤ Affirmative action n Equality of opportunity ¤ Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) n Racial quotas unconstitutional but race can be considered when accepting applicants American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5. 6

5. 6 What did the Bakke case establish? a. Affirmative action programs are constitutional. b. Race can be one factor in determining admissions. c. Equality of opportunity is guaranteed in the Constitution. d. Affirmative action is based on rational test. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5. 6 What did the Bakke case establish? a. Affirmative action programs are constitutional. b. Race can be one factor in determining admissions. c. Equality of opportunity is guaranteed in the Constitution. d. Affirmative action is based on rational test. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5 Discussion Questions Which groups have had to struggle for civil rights throughout American history? Why were these groups discriminated against and who was doing the discriminating? What gains have these groups made in achieving equality so far? American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

5 Further Review ¤Listen to the Chapter ¤Study and Review the Flashcards ¤Study and Review the Practice Tests American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update , 12 e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved