American Filibusters come to Texas Write anything in

American Filibusters come to Texas Write anything in Red

1800 -Spain still in control of Texas • Americans moved west for land adventure. Sometimes settling into Spanish territory illegally. • The Spanish attempted to control the illegal immigration of Americans

Threats to Spanish Control • In 1800, war in Europe gave territory of Louisiana back to France • In 1803, France sold Louisiana Territory to US • In 1810, a revolt shook Mexico lasting 10+ years • These factors attracted fortune seekers from US – filibuster era had begun

NEUTRAL GROUND AGREEMENT • The exact western boundary between American Louisiana and Spanish Texas was unclear and both countries agreed to a neutral area that would stop arguments over the border. • This “neutral ground” became a lawless area.

• Americans would often cross into Spanish territory and cause trouble. These rebellious adventures are called Filibusters. • Filibuster: a person who wages unofficial war on a country – Act for their own benefit; not part of gov’t

Philip Nolan • First filibuster • Horse trader in late 1700’s • Claimed he came to Texas to capture and trade mustangs for Spanish gov’t but sold to US • Good friends with US General James Wilkinson • Killed near present-day Waco in 1800 by Spanish

GUTIERREZ – MAGEE EXPEDITION • Augustus Magee (former U. S. soldier) & Spanish. Texan Jose Benardo Gutierrez (a Mexican revolutionary, follower of Father Hidalgo) organized the Republic of the north & declared Texas independent from Spain

Jose Gutierrez de Lara • • Leader of Mexican Republican Army of the North Opposed Spanish Rule Supported filibuster expeditions 1 st Governor of TX

• Gutierrez and Magee raised a small army of around 1, 500 men made up of Mexican and American soldiers. • In February the “Republicans” defeated a Spanish force at the Battle of Rosillo Creek and took control of San Antonio.

• After the battle Gutierrez ordered 15 Spanish officers executed which caused some of the Americans to leave in disgust. • The expedition was defeated by Spanish forces • It encouraged others to free Texas & Mexico from Spanish Rule

Galveston Pirates • Jean Lafitte used his base to attack Spanish ships in the Gulf of Mexico. • He also used his base to smuggle slaves into the United States. The U. S. banned the slave trade in 1808. (No new slaves into the U. S. but slavery itself was still legal)

ADAMS-ONIS TREATY • In 1817, U. S. General Andrew Jackson attacked Native Americans in Florida and eventually began to take over much of the territory. • The Spanish government was angry, but in 1819, the Adams -Onis Treaty was agreed upon. The negotiator of the treaty (and future President himself) John Quincy Adams, was the son of the 2 nd President John Adams.

ADAMS-ONIS TREATY • Treaty set border between US and Spanish Texas along Sabine River • US agreed that Spain owned Texas • In return, Spain gave Florida to the US • The treaty angered Dr. James Long so he organized a filibustering trip

The Long Expedition • Dr. James Long led a small group into Nacogdoches where he declared TX free from Spain. • He was angry about the Adams-Onis treaty as he and other Americans believed that Texas was part of the Louisiana Purchase

• Was captured & sent to Mexico City where he was shot in a prison. • He is considered the last of the major filibusters into Texas.