AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1861 1865 FIRST BATTLE OF

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1861 -1865

FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN (MANASSAS) • July 21, 1861 • 1 st major battle of Civil War • Leaders: North = Irvin Mc. Dowell; South = P. G. T. Beauregard • Spectators attended battle Union Maj. Gen. Irvin Mc. Dowell VS. Confederate Gen. P. G. T Beauregard • “Stonewall” Jackson rallied Confed troops • Rebel yell • Union retreated into civilians 1862 photo of Matthews House • Shocked North thought war would be quick but it would be long and costly • Winner = South 1. How did the outcome of this battle affect each side? 2. What might have changed if the outcome of this battle was different? Cofederate Lt. Gen. Thomas “Stoewall” Jackson

- March 8 -9 1862 MONITOR VS. MERRIMACK - North Blockade east coast of US - Leaders: North – Lt. John Worden South – Capt. Franklin Buchanan - Merrimack captured by Confed. and became ironclad Virginia - South attack/challenge Union blockade - North repel attack neither ship is sunk - North kept Confed. ship in harbor = preserved blockade - Winner = North = preserved blockade 1. How does technology affect war? 2. Why is the Civil War considered to be the first modern war? CSS Virginia (Merrimack) was larger than the USS Monitor

BATTLE OF SHILOH - April 6 -7 1862 - Confed. surprise attack try to beat before reinforcements arrived - South drove Union back 1 st day - Bloodiest/most brutal fighting of war - Union reinforcements/gun boats drove South back 2 nd day - Combined 20, 000 casualties - Led to Union control of Mississippi River - Winner = North 1. What was the goal of the Union army in the west? 2. Why was Grant an unpopular but effective Union commander? 3. What might have happened is the Union would not have been able to gain control of the Mississippi river?

- April 25 – May 1, 1862 NEW ORLEANS - Leaders: North – David Farragut (navy)/Benjamin Franklin Butler (army); South – Mansfield Lovell - N. O. largest city in South - Laid siege to city - Led to Union control of Mississippi River - Butler led ground troops to occupy city - City surrendered April 28 th - Union occupied largest Southern city - Winner = North 1. What was the significance of this Union victory? 2. How would the Union strategy have had to change without this victory? 3. Is there any way the Confederacy could have overcome losing the war in the west?

SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN (MANASSAS) - Aug. 29 -30, 1862 - Leaders: North – John Pope; South – Lee/Jackson - Pope attacked Jackson Aug. 29 - Both sides heavy causalities - Largest simultaneous assault of war = Confederate infantry/artillery attack - Union retreat - Winner = South - Choose a perspective: North or South - Write a headline for a potential newspaper article about this battle - Remember: this is the 2 nd battle at this location in VA and the Union lost both times.

- March 1862 - Leaders: North – George Mc. Clellan; South – Robert E. Lee - North = Peninsular campaign Union come in from ship between York and James Rivers - Long Union operation to mount attack on city - Too long to attack – failed to take city RICHMOND Peninsula Campaign Date March 1862– August 26, 1862 Location southeastern Virginia Combatants United States Confederacy Commanders George B. Mc. Clellan Joseph E. Johnston, Robert E. Lee Casualties 23, 900 (approximate) - Winner = South (16, 800 killed and wounded, 7, 100 - Eventually Richmond will fall to Union forces 1. How might a better commander have been able to usecaptured or missing) this strategy more effectively? 2. If you were Lincoln, how would you have handled the ineffectiveness of your army in the East? 29, 600 (approximate) (27, 500 killed and wounded, 2, 100 caputred or missing)

ANTIETAM (SHARPSBURG) - Sept. 17, 1862 Dunker Church – Confederate Soldiers - Leaders: North – Mc. Clellan; South – Lee - Jefferson Davis ordered invasion of MD – thought win would get foreign aid - Union troops found copy of battle plans - Union waited 4 days to attack – allowed Lee to get more troops - Antietam Creek/town of Sharpsburg, MD - Single worst day of war - Heavy losses suffered on both sides (approx. 20, 000 + casualties) - Winner = Draw (North claims as victory) Photo Analysis: - What do you see? - What is the purpose of this image? - How might images like this have affected civilians?

FREDERICKSBURG - Dec. 13, 1862 - Leaders: North – Ambrose Burnside; South – Lee - Union army larger - Confed. army better position - Union attack multiple times = unsuccessful - Burnside resigned his command after defeat was replaced by Joseph Hooker - Winner = South Photo Analysis: 1. What do you see? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using trenches in battle?

CHANCELLORSVILLE - April 30 - May 6, 1863 - Leaders: North – Joseph Hooker; South – Lee - Hooker tried to rebuild and attack Lee - Lee struck 1 st at Chancellorsville, VA - Lee divided troops – 2 pronged attack - Lee suffered heavy losses including “Stonewall” Jackson (accidentally shot by own pickett May 2 - died May 10 from complications from having arm amputated) - Winner = South (considered Lee’s greatest victory) 1. Why was this battle considered to be Lee’s greatest victory? 2. What conclusions can we draw from looking at the battle statistics?

- July 1, 2, 3, 1863 GETTYSBURG - Leaders: North – George Meade; South – Lee - Lee tried to invade North – looking for supplies - Hooker did not follow Lincoln’s orders replaced by Meade - 3 day battle start with accidental meeting - 1 st day – Confed. successful - 2 nd day – draw - 3 rd day – Confed. launch Pickett’s Charge ½ mile march over open ground into center of Union lines - Worst battle of war some 50, 000 combined casualties - Winner = North http: //www. history. com/topics/american-civil-war/battle-ofgettysburg/videos/the-battle-of-gettysburg 1. Why is the Battle of Gettysburg considered to be the turning point of the war? 2. What might have happened if Lee had gotten the great northern victory he was seeking?

VICKSBURG - May 18 - July 4, 1863 - Leaders: North – Ulysses S. Grant; South – John Pemberton - Happening in west same time as Gettysburg - Last holdout to Union control of Mississippi River - Confed. surrendered July 4 th - Cut South in half - Winner = North 1. What does the map show? 2. How might a city hold out under repeated attacks? 3. What might you have seen and heard if you had been living in Vicksburg at the time?

BATTLES OF: WILDERNESS, SPOTSYLVANIA, COLD HARBOR - May 5 – June 12, 1864 - Leaders: North – Grant/Meade; South – Lee - Series of battles in East - Grant strategy to attack on all fronts - 115, 000 Union troops go after Lee’s 64, 000 troops - Confed. lines hold all 3 battles - Grant lost thousands of men got a rep. as a butcher - Grant continued to pursue after each meeting - After Cold Harbor Grant turned toward Petersburg - Winner = South 1. What is Grant’s end game? 2. How was Grant different that other Union general in the East? 3. What could Lee have done to change the outcome of the war? Grant vs. Lee

SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA (ATLANTA) - Nov. 12 – Dec. 22, 1864 - Leaders: North – William Sherman; South: Joseph Wheeler https: //study. com/academy/lesson/general-sherman-begins-the-marchtoward-atlanta-may-4 -1864. html - March Union army from Atlanta to Savannah, GA - Total war = raid, burn, kill 50 mi. wide path to coast then turn north - Destroy anything useful to South (ex. RR lines – torn up and rails bent/destroyed) - After Savannah turn north thought SC to eventually meet Grant - Winner = North 1. What is total war? 2. What was the point of allowing Sherman’s actions in the South? 3. What effect did this have on the civilian population of the South?

APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE - April 9, 1865 - Leaders: North – Grant; South – Lee - Lee tried to regroup remaining forces to stop Sherman – unsuccessful - Surrendered to Grant Apr. 9 in a small village in VA (Appomattox Courthouse) - Terms of surrender: lay down weapons and go home; keep horses; 3 days worth of food to southern soldiers - Abraham Lincoln assassinated April 14, 1865 - Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia May 10, 1865 - Winner = North 1. What do you see in this image? 2. What is the significance of the positioning of the figures in the image? 3. Write a caption for this image - from a northern perspective and from a southern perspective.