America Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 7

America: Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 7 Democracy and Dissent: The Violence of Party Politics, 1788– 1800 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Force of Public Opinion • Root cause of political parties: ambiguity of republic ideology – what is a Republic • Jefferson and Hamilton both want republic but disagree on what it is • Start of political parties – Federalists vs Jeffersonians Republicans America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Principle and Pragmatism: Establishing a New Government • George Washington unanimously elected president, 1788 • Washington was symbol of new government • He embodied the hopes and fears of the new republic • Washington made his own decisions • Congress established three executive departments: War, State, and Treasury America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Principle and Pragmatism: Establishing a New Government • Judiciary Act of 1789 established Supreme Court with one chief justice and eight associate justices • 1789— 5% tariff levied to fund government America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conflicting Visions: Alexander Hamilton • Washington’s aide-de-camp in Revolution • Secretary of the Treasury • Wanted stronger ties to Britain – model banks after Britain • Strong central government with support of wealthy • Envisioned U. S. as an industrial power – Private greed could be source of public good • Feared anarchy more than tyranny – belief in elites America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conflicting Visions: Thomas Jefferson • Secretary of state under Washington • Believed limited government preserves liberty • Envisioned U. S. as an agrarian nation • Trusted the common people • Against large debt • Favored France over Britain America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hamilton’s Plan for Prosperity and Security • Washington’s first term – finances • Congress asked Hamilton for suggestions for solutions to debt problem • He produced three reports: – First Report is Report on the Public Credit – Report contains two parts: Funding and Assumption • Debt of $54 million, additional state debt of $25 million • 80% of debt held by speculators America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Funding and Assumption • Funding: Congress redeems federal certificates of debt at face value to current holders – Insisted bondholders support new government – Criticized by Madison and others because most debt in hands of speculators – Madison thought only a few would benefit America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Funding and Assumption • Assumption: federal government pays states’ debts – Opposed by states that had already paid their debts – Madison at first led congress to defeat the funding – But eventually passed in exchange for locating capital on Potomac (Washington D. C. ) America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Interpreting the Constitution: The Bank Controversy • Second Report was Bank of the United States • National bank would be privately owned, but partly funded by federal government • Opposed because it might “perpetuate a large monied interest” – saw bank as corrupt like British system • Jefferson opposed it as unconstitutional America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Interpreting the Constitution: The Bank Controversy • Hamilton defended constitutionality through doctrine of “implied powers” • Congress chartered bank, 1791 • Perception that Hamilton was bringing corrupt British system to America • Washington approved Hamilton’s idea because it was stronger than Jefferson’s America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Setback for Hamilton • Third Report was Report on Manufacturing (1791) sought federal encouragement for manufacturing – Protective tariffs and industrial bounties • Madison warned that program would strengthen federal government at state expense • Jefferson warned that the rise of cities would destroy agriculture • Southerners opposed to protective tariffs America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs • French and English Wars shape U. S. political division • Washington’s second term focused on foreign affairs • Both British and French treated America arrogantly • Jeffersonian Republicans – Favored France – States’ rights – Strict interpretation of the Constitution America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Charges of Treason: The Battle over Foreign Affairs • Hamiltonian Federalists – Favored England – Strong central government and economic planning – Maintenance of order by federal troops America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Peril of Neutrality • British still occupied Ohio River Valley and discriminated against American trade • Franco-British War broke out, 1793 • England violated American sovereignty and neutrality on high seas • British actions indicate a disdain for American rights – Jefferson: punish England by cutting off trade – Hamilton: appease England because too strong America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Jay’s Treaty Sparks Domestic Unrest • John Jay to England to demand: – Removal of English from American soil – Payment for ships illegally seized – Better commercial relations – Acceptance of United States’ neutrality America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Jay’s Treaty Sparks Domestic Unrest • Hamilton told English that U. S. not firm and would make compromises • Jay’s Treaty won no major concessions • British to abandon frontier posts and let a few small ships trade in British West Indies • Washington disliked, but accepted, treaty • Senate ratified by smallest possible margin • Treaty caused major concerns America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

New Orleans and Florida • Spain had closed Mississippi River to Americans • Spain interpreted Jay’s Treaty as Anglo. American alliance against Spain so Spain agree to new treaty with America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

New Orleans and Florida • Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty) – Spanish opened the Mississippi River and New Orleans to U. S. West – Settled disputed border between Florida and U. S. – Spanish ceased inciting Indians against settlers America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conquest of the West America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Popular Political Culture • Political “parties” condemned as factions • By end of Washington’s first term, government is divided • Widespread concern over loss of common revolutionary purpose • Federalists and Republicans suspected each others’ loyalty • Party members thought it a patriotic duty to destroy opposing party America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Informing the Public: News and Politics • Changing the nation’s political life • Newspapers widely read, highly influential – most people could read • Newspapers shrill, totally partisan • Newspapers main source of political information America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Whiskey Rebellion: Charges of Republican Conspiracy • Excise tax on whiskey imposed 1791 • 1794—western Pennsylvania farmers protested • Lent credence to fears of violence against the government • Republican governor refused to act • Federalists interpreted as Republican conspiracy • Washington and Hamilton led 15, 000 -man army to crush the rebellion • Rebels could not be found – embarrassing fiasco for government • Increased Republican electoral strength along the frontier America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Whiskey Rebellion: Charges of Republican Conspiracy • Washington blamed Republicans for encouraging unrest • Jefferson saw it as excuse to raise army to intimidate opposition America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Washington’s Farewell • Washington increasingly sympathetic to Federalists • Fall 1796—Washington released Farewell Address • Warned against alliances with nations that weren’t promoting American security America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Adams Presidency • Bitterly divisive election in 1796 • Federalists divided, Hamilton tried to push Pinckney over Adams • Adams forced to accept people not supportive in cabinet • Hamilton interferes with Adam’s presidency and made it difficult America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The XYZ Affair and Domestic Politics • Jay’s Treaty prompted France to treat U. S. as unfriendly nation • Diplomatic mission failed when three French officials (X, Y, and Z) demanded bribe • Provoked anti-French outrage in U. S. • XYZ affair led to Quasi war with France – France seized US ships America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Crushing Political Dissent • Federalists began building up the army – Ostensible purpose: repel French invasion – Actual intention: stifle internal opposition • Hamilton commanded army, controlled officers America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Crushing Political Dissent • Hamilton sought declaration of war against France to begin operations against dissent • Adams created navy, refused to ask Congress for war America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Silencing Political Opposition: The Alien and Sedition Acts • Alien and Sedition Acts – Purpose to silence Republicans – First civil liberties crisis • Alien Enemies Act and Alien Act gave the president power to expel any foreigner • Sedition Act criminalized criticism of the government – many see as threat to their political rights and infringement on First Amendment America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Silencing Political Opposition: The Alien and Sedition Acts • The Naturalization Act requires U. S. residency of fourteen years for citizenship • Allows Federalists to maintain control America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Republicans saw Alien and Sedition Acts as dire threat to liberty • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions - states have the right to nullify federal law under certain circumstances (States’ Rights) – Jefferson’s Kentucky Resolutions—states may nullify unconstitutional federal law – Madison’s Virginia Resolutions—urged states to protect their citizens America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Purpose of resolutions: clarify differences between Republicans and Federalists, not justify secession America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Adams’s Finest Hour 1799—Adams broke with Hamilton Sent new team to negotiate with France War hysteria against France vanished U. S. resolves – United States resolved its differences with France • Hamilton’s army seen as a useless expense • • America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800 • Hamilton’s High Federalists led campaign to replace Adams with Pinckney • Federalists lost, but Republicans Jefferson and Burr tied • Election went to House of Representatives and they picked Jefferson after many ballots • 12 th amendment to Constitution ensures this didn’t happen again – changed process of electing President and VP America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800 • Adams and the “midnight judges” – Chief Justice John Marshall • Jefferson’s inaugural: “we are all republicans, we are all federalists” • Federalists lost touch with public • Federalists party split America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Danger of Political Extremism • Election of 1800 one of the most important • Transfer of power from Federalists to Republicans achieved peacefully • Nation averted ideological civil war America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.