America Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 23

America: Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 23 From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Spirit of Progressivism • Progressive movement • Shared values – want reforms – – – Concern about effects of industrialization and urbanization Optimistic about human nature and potential for progress – man can solve all problems Willing to intervene in people’s lives – believed it was within their rights - element of coercion America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Spirit of Progressivism • Turned more and more to the authority of the state and government at all levels to achieve reform • Sense of evangelical Protestantism and duty to purge the world of sin – view environment as key to reform – change the environment and you change the individual (criminals are made, not born) • Progressivism got support from across the nation giving it a national reach and mass base America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Rise of the Professions • Professions part of Progressivism: – – – Law Medicine Business Education Social work Progressives set educational requirements for each profession and become part of middle class to promote change America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Social-Justice Movement • Progressive professionals joined in movement to get better housing for poor, child labor laws and better working conditions • Applied scientific methods to social reform • More interested in social cures than individual charity • Social work became a profession America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Purity Crusade • Crusade against vice part of social justice • Alcoholism effected families negatively • 1911: Membership in Women’s Christian Temperance Union hit 250, 000 • 1916: 19 states prohibit alcohol • 1920: Eighteenth Amendment prohibits alcohol America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Woman Suffrage, Woman’s Rights • Women filled Progressive ranks • 1890: National American Woman Suffrage Association forms • Resistance from men, those who connected woman’s suffrage with prohibition • 1920: Nineteenth Amendment passed • Suffrage seen as empowering women to benefit the disadvantaged America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

New Ideas: Challenging the Status Quo • Pragmatism new idea by William James – is an idea good? Does it work • Most influential educator applying pragmatism to education – John Dewey • Socialism – Eugene Debs • Promise of progressive reform and not overthrow of capitalism • 1911 – 32 cities have Socialist mayors America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reform in the Cities and States • Progressives want governments to follow the public will • Government by experts is solution • Reform government – – Reorganize for efficiency, effectiveness New agencies address particular social ills Government staff with experts End corrupt alliance between business and politics America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Interest Groups and the Decline of Popular Politics • Place government in hands of experts and out of hands of political parties and bosses • Decline in voter participation – 77% from 1876– 1900 – 65% from 1900– 1916 – 52% in the 1920 s • Instead of voting, people looked to interest groups to get favorable legislation – depend on lobbying America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reform in the Cities • Appointed commissioners replace elected officials in many cities • City manager idea spread • Operate like business with efficiency and results • Reform mayors – “Golden Rule” Jones of Toledo America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Action in the States: Reform Governors • Robert La Follette of Wisconsin – “Wisconsin Idea” tapped experts in higher education for help in sweeping reforms • “People will always do the right thing if properly informed and inspired” • “Democracy is based on knowledge” • Many states copied La Follette’s changes America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Republican Roosevelt • Roosevelt became President at 42 when Mckinley was assassinated • He was aggressive and high spirited and brought an exuberance to the presidency • Saw presidency as the “bully pulpit” – a forum for ideas and leadership • Progressive but not always popular with Republican party America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Busting the Trusts • Roosevelt said – good trusts and bad trusts (bad trusts hurts general welfare of people) • 1904: Northern Securities (railroads) dissolved • Roosevelt known as a “trust-buster” • Busting of Northern Securities paved way for other antitrust actions • Comparatively fewer antitrust cases under Roosevelt; Taft did almost twice as many in half the time but not given credit America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

“Square Deal” in the Coalfields • 1902: United Mine Workers strike in Pennsylvania threatens U. S. economy • Anthracite Coal Strike • Roosevelt intervenes in strike and brought labor and management to White House • Roosevelt won concessions for labor by threatening military seizure of mines • Roosevelt acted as broker and called it a “square deal” America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Regulating the Railroads • 1903 - Elkins Act prohibited railroad rebates, strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission • 1906 – Hepburn Act further strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission • Widespread popular demand for further railroad regulation under Roosevelt • Roosevelt compromise with congress to get Hepburn Act passed America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cleaning Up Food and Drugs • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) prompted federal investigation of meatpacking industry • 1906: Meat Inspection Act • 1906: Pure Food and Drug Act America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conserving the Land • First comprehensive national conservation policy – Policy defined “conservation” as wise use of natural resources • Created 150 million acres in new forest preserves • Contradiction: He hunted big game animals that were endangered America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Ordeal of William Howard Taft • Roosevelt hand-picked Taft because he said he wouldn’t run for President again • Taft: Able administrator (Governor in Philippines) – difficult presidency • Taft could not please Conservatives nor Progressives of his Republican party • Compared to Roosevelt, Taft was more conservative and for corporations America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Party Insurgency • Republicans divided over tariff – – Progressives: want lower tariff Conservatives: want higher tariff to protect business 1909 Payne-Aldrich Act (higher tariff) provoked Progressives to break with Taft No one was happy with Taft – couldn’t work with Congress as Roosevelt had America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair • Gifford Pinchot, leading conservationist, Roosevelt appointee • Pinchot accused Interior Secretary of selling public lands to friends • Taft fired Pinchot • Progressives antagonized America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Taft Alienates the Progressives • 1910: Taft successfully pushed Mann. Elkins Act (railroads) to strengthen ICC • Act is a compromise – no one likes it and they blame Taft • Overall, Taft alienated progressives because he wavered on reforms and backed more conservative policies America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Taft Alienates the Progressives • Taft alienated Progressives but he did pass legislation to protect workers and regulate safety • Sixteenth Amendment created income tax • Taft a greater trustbuster than Roosevelt • Taft conserved more land than Roosevelt • 1912: Taft nominated again by Republicans, little chance for victory America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Differing Philosophies in the Election of 1912 • Roosevelt: Progressive (“Bull Moose”) – – “New Nationalism” Federal regulation of economy Strong role for executive office Wasteful competition replaced by efficiency • Woodrow Wilson: Democrat – – “New Freedom” for individual Business competition and small government • Republican party split - Democrats win America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom” • Woodrow Wilson: Former president of Princeton, governor of New Jersey • Progressive, intellectual, inspiring orator but self-righteous and turned disagreements into arguments America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The New Freedom in Action • 1913: Underwood Tariff cut duties • 1913: Most important domestic law Federal Reserve Act established banking system to provide a sound, flexible currency • 1914: Clayton Antitrust Act outlawed unfair trade practices, protected unions America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism • Wilson renewed reform in reelection bid – – – Intervened in strikes on behalf of workers Attempted to ban child labor Increased income taxes on the rich Supported women’s suffrage Federal farm Loan Act • Program won Wilson a close election America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Fruits of Progressivism • Reform of government at all levels • Intelligent planning of reform • World War I ends Progressive optimism America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.