America Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 21
- Slides: 19
America: Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 21 Toward Empire America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
America Looks Outward • Geography encouraged isolationism in U. S. (protected on both sides by oceans) • Isolationism turns to imperialism – control over other peoples through annexation, military conquest, or economic domination • U. S. expansion shifted after 1890 • Strategically placed islands taken to create military and economic colonies America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reasons for Expansion • Expansion abroad sought to gain economic and military colonies for markets NOT for settlement (oversaturation of domestic markets) • Census report of 1890 show end of frontier • Evolutionary ideas encouraged expansion to provide civilization to native peoples around the world (notion of racial superiority) • Missionary spirit • New leaders, new ideas America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Foreign Policy Approaches: 1867 – 1900 • Expansionist foreign policy • Acquisitions: First, Midway Islands; then Steward buys Alaska from Russia • Eroded European influence in Latin America – Diverted Latin American trade from Europe through a series of reciprocity treaties – U. S. supported Venezuela against Great Britain America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa • Military and economic value of Hawaii increased in 1890 s • Early on, U. S. missionaries go to Hawaii and gain power • Reciprocity Agreement: duty free sugar to U. S. and U. S. protect Hawaii and get Pearl Harbor • Queen Liliuokalani attempted to reduce U. S. influence • 1893: American settlers pulled off coup against Queen • President Cleveland wants to restore Queen to thrown but U. S. Americans in Hawaii refuse • 1898: Hawaii made U. S. possession • 1872: U. S. granted port facilities in Samoa and belonged to U. S. by 1899 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hawaiian Islands America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The New Navy • Alfred Mahan argued that overseas markets were essential for America’s wealth and power • U. S. needs strong merchant marine and navy • Two-ocean navy needed • U. S. shifted to construction of a battleship navy • U. S. gained offensive capability at sea America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
War with Spain • • • 1895: Rebellion in Cuba for freedom from Spain General Weyler’s policy lead to riots in Havana “Yellow Press” whipped up U. S. sentiment De. Lome Letter about Mc. Kinley February, 1898: Explosion of the Maine April 19: Congress declared Cuba independent, passed “Teller Amendment” • April 25: U. S. declared war on Spain America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
“A Splendid Little War” • U. S. regular army small, ill-prepared • Problems of equipment and supply • Theodore Roosevelt organizes the “Rough Riders” • War only lasted 10 weeks • Cuba invaded and captured • Commodore George Dewey captured Philippines and provided U. S. with unexpected prize America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines • Emilio Aguinaldo led Philippine independence movement • Filipinos used guerilla war tactics • War more costly than Spanish-American War • Aquinaldo lost and US replaced military rule with civilian rule under Taft Commission and promised independence • July 4, 1946 given independence America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Spanish-American War: Pacific Theater America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Spanish-American War: Caribbean Theater America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
OUTCOME OF THE WAR WITH SPAIN • 1898 – Treaty of Paris – Cuba given independence – Platt Agreement • No treaties or debts to other countries • Lease Guantanamo Bay to U. S. • U. S. can intervene in Cuba to maintain orderly • government • U. S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines • 1900 – U. S. is major world power and established as an overseas empire • Teddy Roosevelt a war hero America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Treaty of Paris Debate • Debate over annexation of the Philippines most important • Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League – Against big armies, government, and debt – Trade can continue without annexation – Filipinos could never become Americans (assimilation) – Annexation incompatible with independence and selfdetermination (anti-American) – Cheap labor will come from Philippines and take jobs • 1899: Ratification of peace treaty made U. S. a colonizing nation America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
American Empire, 1900 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
World Colonial Empires, 1900 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Governing the Empire • Does the Constitution follow the flag? • Supreme Court said No – Congress will decide each case • Puerto Rico made territory and government set up under Foracker Act • Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico organized as territories, inhabitants made U. S. citizens • Navy controlled Guam America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Governing the Empire • US prepared Cuba for freedom • 1902 - Cuban constitution ended U. S. occupation • Cuba given independence • Platt Amendment: U. S. given right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to lease Guantanamo Bay America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Open Door • China vulnerable to European imperialism • Foreign countries divided China into “spheres of influence” • 1900: U. S. set “Open Door” policy in China – No European nation should carve out a “sphere of influence” in China and exclude others from trading in that area – all nations would have equal trading rights in China and China will preserve national authority • U. S. gained economic rights in China • Boxer Rebellion – Chinese try to push all foreigners out of China but fail America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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