America Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 19

America: Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 19 Toward An Urban Society, 1877– 1900 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Lure of the City • City becomes a symbol of the new America between 1870– 1900 – causes big changes along with industrialization • Explosive urban growth – Sources included immigration, movement from countryside – Six cities over 500, 000 by 1900 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skyscrapers and Suburbs • Steel and glass permit construction of skyscrapers • Streetcars allow growth of suburbs • Streetcar cities allow more fragmented and stratified city – Middle-class residential rings surrounding business and working-class core America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Tenements and the Problems of Overcrowding • Tenements house working class and are overcrowded • How the Other Way Lives – Jacob Riis • Tenement problems: – Overcrowding – Inadequate sanitation – Poor ventilation – Polluted water America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Tenements and the Problems of Overcrowding • Urban problems: – – Poor public health – home care was common treatment for illness Juvenile crime America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Strangers in a New Land • Most immigrants young unskilled males and settled along Eastern coast • Most immigrants moved for economic reasons and often knew someone in the United States • By 1900, most urban dwellers foreign-born or children of immigrants – e. g. , by 1890, 80% of New York residents were foreignborn America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Strangers in a New Land • 1880 s: Eastern, southern Europeans called “new immigrants”prompt resurgent nativism (Italy, Greece, Austria. Hungary, Poland, Turkey, Russia) • Nativist organizations try to limit immigration e. g. , demand literacy test for “new immigrants” • Society worried that new immigrants could not assimilate America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Immigration to the United States, 1870– 1900 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Immigrants and the City: Families and Ethnic Identity • Immigrants marry within own ethnic groups • More children born to immigrants than to native-born Americans • Immigrant associations: – – Preserve old country language and customs Aid the process of adjustment America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Immigrants and the City: Families and Ethnic Identity • Immigrants establish religious, educational institutions, media which preserve cultural traditions • Immigrants cling to customs of native countries America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The House That Tweed Built • Cities have urban party machines headed by “bosses” – Some bosses notoriously corrupt, most famous political machine was Tammany Hall headed up by William Tweed (Boss Tweed) of New York City Most trade services for votes Little regard for political rules – Urban “bosses” – consequence of urban growth – – America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The House That Tweed Built • Why bosses stayed in power: – Good organizational skill – Helped immigrants • Most bosses improve conditions in cities while helping themselves America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Social and Cultural Change 1877– 1900 • End of Reconstruction marks shift of attention to new concerns • Population growth – 1877: 47 million – 1900: 76 million – 1900: population more diverse • Urbanization, industrialization changing all aspects of American life America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urban and Rural Population, 1870 – 1900 (in millions) America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Changes in Family Life • Urbanization, industrialization alter family • Poor medical care, usually home care – many medical developments but not in area of tuberculosis, typhoid and diphtheria • Suburban commute takes fathers from middleclass homes • Domesticity encouraged, women house-bound • White middle-class birth rates decline America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Educating the Masses • Trend is toward universal education: By 1900, 31 states and territories had compulsory education laws • Purpose of public education was to train people for life and work in industrial society • Education stressed discipline and routine America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Educating the Masses • Teaching unimaginative, learning passive, Webster’s Spellers and Mc. Guffey’s Readers – stress discipline and routine • Segregation, poverty compound problems of Southern education • 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson allows “separate but equal” schools (dual schools in south) • Few southern states had compulsory school attendance laws – north did America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Higher Education • Colleges and universities flourish • Colleges stress the practical application of education • Greater emphasis on professions, research • More women achieve college education America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Higher Education: African Americans • African Americans face different views toward progress • Booker T. Washington believed that selfhelp was best plan for African Americans – Concentrate on practical education – he started Tuskegee Institute in Alabama • W. E. B. Du. Bois: Demanded equality and believed education was the key to success America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Stirrings of Reform • Reformers begin to seek changes in U. S. living, working conditions • Social Darwinists see attempts at social reform as useless and harmful • Apply laws of nature to society • Some see as way to keep government from interfering with industry America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Progress and Poverty • Henry George: The rich getting richer, the poor get poorer • Wide gulf between rich and poor • George’s solution: Tax unearned income on land, source of most wealth • Single tax clubs sprang up America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

New Currents in Social Thought • Liberal Protestants preach “Social Gospel” – – Purpose: Reform industrial society Means: Introduce Christian standards into economic sphere Church must participate in society Religion must address both spiritual and social concerns America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Settlement Houses • Famous Settlement House – – 1889: Jane Addams’ Hull House, Chicago Establish programs to help immigrants Practical education and medical help for poor Main problem, too many immigrants and could not meet needs America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Crisis in Social Welfare • Depression of 1893 reveals insufficiency of private charity • New professionalism in social work • New efforts to understand poverty’s sources • Increasing calls for government intervention • Social tensions engender sense of crisis America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Pluralistic Society • Immigration and urban growth reshaped American politics and culture • By 1920, most Americans lived in cities • Most reformers turned to state and federal government to help social ills America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Pluralistic Society • Society experienced a crisis between 1870 and 1900 • Reformers turned to state and federal government for remedies to social ills America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.