America Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 16

America: Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 16 The Agony of Reconstruction America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The South is destroyed • The Civil War ended April 9, 1865. • Most of the land in the South was destroyed by the Civil War. The South would need to be rebuilt. • This rebuilding of the South was called Reconstruction. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The President Versus Congress • The North split on reconstructing the South • Reconstruction – period after Civil War • White House (Lincoln) seeks rapid readmission of South to Union with minimum changes in the South • Congress seeks slower reconstruction, demands protection for freedmen – Wade David Bill America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Wartime Reconstruction • Lincoln announces lenient policy in 1863 • Congress resents Lincoln’s effort to control • Congressmen seek to condition readmission to Union on black suffrage • Congress mistrusts white Southerners and doesn’t want Confederates in governments America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

• “With malice [hatred] toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and for his orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reconstruction Plan • President Lincoln wanted to reunite the nation as quickly as possible. • Any southern state with at least 10% of its voters making a pledge to be loyal to the U. S. could be readmitted to the Union. • The South also had to accept a ban on slavery. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Freedmen’s Bureau • The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to help poor blacks and whites in the South. • The Freedmen’s Bureau established schools in the South. • Laws against educating slaves during the Civil War meant that most ex-slaves did not know how to read and write. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lincoln is assassinated • Just six days after the war ended, on April 15, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated while watching a play. • Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Southerner who was angry at Lincoln. • Vice-President Andrew Johnson became president. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Andrew Johnson at the Helm • Andrew Johnson – President after Lincoln is assassinated • Republicans initially support Southern Democrat Johnson as enemy of planter class • Radical Republicans oppose Johnson America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Andrew Johnson at the Helm • Johnson instructs Southern conventions to: – – – Declare secession illegal Repudiate Confederate debt Ratify the Thirteenth Amendment • Southern conventions reluctantly carry out Johnson’s orders • Johnson gave few pardons to wealthy planters America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Andrew Johnson at the Helm • Conventions pass “Black Codes” • Johnson approves conventions’ actions • Congress condemns conventions and disapproves of Johnson’s plans • Johnson wants to return South to pre-war system America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Black Codes • The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states that limited the newfound freedom of African Americans. • Black Codes forced African Americans to work on farms or as servants. They also prevented African Americans from owning guns, holding public meetings, or renting property in cities. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Voting Rights • Other laws were passed to keep blacks from voting. • One law said former slaves had to pay a tax to vote. It was called a poll tax. • Another law was passed that said a person could only vote if their grandfather had voted. These laws were called the Grandfather Clause. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Congress Takes the Initiative • Republicans insists on black suffrage – They expect to get black vote – Ideological commitment to equal rights, even if some did not believe in racial equality – Fear that South would fall under great planter control without black suffrage – Two radical Republican leaders – Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Congress Takes the Initiative • 1866: Johnson vetoes two bills – – Extension of Freedmen’s Bureau – law to economically assist former slaves Civil rights bill to overturn Black Codes • Republicans pass Fourteenth Amendment • Elections of 1866 strengthen Republicans • Reconstruction Act of 1867 - America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Congressional Reconstruction Plan Enacted • South under military rule until black suffrage fully secured • Split over duration of federal protection – – Radical Republicans recognize need for long period Most wish military occupation to be short • Assumption: Black suffrage sufficient to empower freedmen to protect themselves • Republicans – rights of blacks must be ensured so that they can protect themselves America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Johnson and The Radical Republicans • Congress was angry at President Johnson for not going along with their Reconstruction policies. • As a result, Congress impeached Johnson. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Impeachment Crisis • Johnson obstructs Congressional Reconstruction • Congress limits Presidential power – Tenure of Office Act • February, 1868: Congress impeaches • Senate refuses to convict Johnson • Radical Republicans seen as subversive of Constitution and threaten balance of power in government America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reconstructing Southern Society • Three contending interests in South: – – – Southern whites seek to keep newly-freed blacks inferior Northern whites seek to make money or to “civilize” the region Blacks seek equality – live in divided world • Decline of federal interest in Reconstruction permits triumph of reaction and racism America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ku Klux Klan • In 1866 a group of white southerners created the Ku Klux Klan. • The KKK was a secret society opposed to African Americans obtaining civil rights, particularly the right to vote. • The KKK used violence and intimidation to frighten blacks. • Klan members wore white robes and hoods to hide their identities. • The Klan was known to have murdered many people. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reorganizing Land Labor • Ex-slaves wish to work their own land • Federal government sometimes grants land • Land reverts to white owners under Johnson • Slaveowners try to impose contract labor • Blacks insist on sharecropping and return to plantations • Sharecropping soon becomes peonage America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Black Codes: A New Name for Slavery? • South increasingly segregated after War • Black Codes designed to return blacks to quasi-slavery – Codes overturned by Congress • Violence and discrimination continued on a large scale America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Radical Republicans • The Black Codes angered many Republicans in Congress who felt the South was returning to its old ways. • The Radical Republicans wanted the South to change more before they could be readmitted to the Union. • They were angry at President Johnson for letting the South off so easy. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The 14 th Amendment • The 14 th Amendment guaranteed citizenship to all people born or naturalized within the U. S. except for the Indians. • It said that state governments could not “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. ” America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

15 th Amendment • In 1870 the 15 th Amendment became law. • The 15 th Amendment gave African American men the right to vote. • Women’s rights activists were angry because the amendment did not also grant women the right to vote. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Republican Rule in the South • 1867: Southern Republican party organized – – – Businesspeople want government aid White farmers want protection from creditors Blacks form majority of party, want social and political equality • Republican coalition unstable • Republicans break up when whites leave America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Republican Rule in the South • Republicans improve public education, welfare, and transportation • Republican state legislatures corrupt – – Whites control most radical state governments African Americans given blame for corruption America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Claiming Public and Private Rights • Freed slaves viewed legalized marriage as an important step in claiming political rights • They also formed churches, fraternal and benevolent associations, political organizations, and schools • Education was a top priority America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Retreat from Reconstruction • Enormous problems 1868– 1876 • Grant’s weak principles contribute to failure America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Rise of the Money Question • Panic of 1873 raises “the money question” – – Debtors seek inflationary monetary policy by continuing circulation of “greenbacks” Creditors, intellectuals support hard money • 1875: Government commits to hard money • 1876: Greenback party formed, makes gains in congressional races America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Election of 1868 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Final Efforts of Reconstruction • 1869: Fifteenth Amendment passed – Also enfranchised Northern blacks • Women’s rights groups were upset that they were not granted the vote • Northern support for black citizenship waned • Recovery in South would be long and difficult • Legacy for blacks was poverty and discrimination America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Reign of Terror Against Blacks • White backlash against reconstruction - Ku Klux Klan - used terror tactics to keep blacks out of the political process and near insurrections against state governments • 1870 s: Congress tries to suppress Ku Klux Klan, other Southern terrorist groups • By 1876, Republicans control only South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida • Northern support for military action wanes America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spoilsmen Versus Reformers • Rumors of corruption during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans • 1872: Grant wins reelection over Liberal Republican, Democrat Horace Greeley • Grant’s second term rocked by scandal • Grant was not able to resolve problems of his time America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Election of 1872 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Reunion and the New South • North and South reconcile after 1877 • Terms of reconciliation – – African Americans stripped of political gains Big business interests favored over small farmers America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Compromise of 1877 • Election of 1876 disputed • Special Congressional commission gives disputed vote to Rutherford B. Hayes • Southern Democrats accept on two conditions: – – Guarantee of federal aid to the South Removal of all remaining federal troops • Compromise ends Reconstruction America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

“Redeeming” a New South • Southern “Redeemers” not ideologically coherent, more power brokers between major interest groups in commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture • Gain power by doctrine of white supremacy • Laissez faire • Neglect problems of small farmers America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Segregation and Jim Crow Laws • Starting in 1881, blacks had to stay in separate hotels, sit in separate parts of theaters, ride in separate rail cars, and have separate schools, libraries, and parks. This is known as segregation. • Segregation - the legal separation of blacks and whites in public places • Jim Crow Laws - laws that forced segregation America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Rise of Jim Crow • Redeemer Democrats systematically exclude black voters • Jim Crow laws legalize segregation and restrict black civil rights • By 1910, the process was complete • The North and the federal government did little or nothing to prevent it America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Rise of Jim Crow • Lynching— 187 blacks lynched yearly 1889 – 1899 • U. S. Supreme Court decisions gut Reconstruction Amendments 1875– 1896 • “Reunion” accomplished as North tacitly acquiesces in Southern discrimination America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Plessy v. Ferguson • The Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal in Plessy v. Ferguson. • They said that segregation was fair as long as “separate-but-equal” facilities were provided for African Americans. • In practice, the African American facilities were usually “separate-and-unequal. ” • It would take until the 1965, 100 years after the Civil War ended, for Jim Crow laws to be outlawed and blacks to finally realize legal equality in America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

40 Acres and Mule • During Reconstruction, ex-slaves were promised 40 acres of land a mule. • Unfortunately, the government never came through with their promise. • During the riots in the 1960’s, people were overheard saying, “That’s for my 40 acres and a mule, ” as they stole something from a store. • Film maker Spike Lee’s company is called 40 Acres and a Mule. America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

AMENDMENTS • 13 th amendment – abolish slavery • 14 th amendment – provide citizenship and civil rights to former slaves • 15 th amendment – prohibited voting discrimination on the basis or race America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.