America Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 1

America: Past and Present Ninth Edition Chapter 1 New World Encounters America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Native American Histories Before Conquest • 20, 000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants by crossing Beringia • 12, 000 years ago—global warming reduced glaciers allowing humans to reach tip of South America • These Paleo-Indians lost immunities to many communicative diseases America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Routes of the First Americans America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture • Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat – Some suggest that overhunting caused the extinction of several large species – Global warming may have also put large animals under stress – A reduced food supply caused Indians to develop new food sources America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION • 5000 years ago – agricultural revolution (development of agriculture) revolutionalized Native American cultures – Crops included maize, squash, and beans – Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities – Explains difference in Indian cultures in New World America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mysterious Disappearances • Anasazi culture—Chaco Canyon – Sophisticated irrigation – Well-built roads for transportation • Adena and Hopewell peoples—Ohio Valley – Large ceremonial mounds – Extensive trade network America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mysterious Disappearances • Cahokia—Mississippi Valley – Large ceremonial mounds – Far-flung trade network America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Aztec Dominance • Aztecs settled valley of Mexico • Center of large, powerful empire • Highly-organized social and political structure • Ruled through fear and force America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Eastern Woodland Cultures • Atlantic coast of North America • Native Americans lived in smaller bands • Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering • First and most often natives encountered by English settlers were Algonquian speaking America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600 s America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

LONGHOUSE • Woodland Indian longhouse America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Woodland Village • Houses and crops America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cultural Negotiations • Diversity of language groups • Place in society defined through kinship • Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation • Diplomacy, trade, war organized around feuds and historic enemies America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Confederacies of Eastern North America • Huron—southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie • Iroquois—central New York • Powhattan—Chesapeake • Algonquian – English encounter along Atlantic Coast America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Threats to Survival: Trade • Native Americans were eager for European trade – determined their relationship with Europeans • They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans • Commerce also influenced warfare patterns America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Threats to Survival: Disease • Contact brought population decline among American Indians and disrupted cultures • Disease – greatest factor in destruction of Native Americans: lack of resistance to epidemic disease – Smallpox – Measles – Influenza • Rate as high as 95% America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies • Slavery ancient custom • 800/900 AD Muslim trades brought Islam to Africa – camel caravans crossed the Sahara • They also came for gold and slaves and took them to Middle East – Saudi Arabia, Iran (Persia) and Iraq • Africa – a history of empires – not a united society America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Trade Routes in Africa America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Slave Castle in Africa America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beginnings of the Slave Trade • Fifteenth-century Portuguese charted sea lanes from Europe to Saharan Africa • Native rulers sold prisoners of war and others to Portuguese as slaves from slave castles and factories • Portuguese came for slaves and gold America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

How Many Slaves? • Seventeenth century—ca. 1000 Africans per year • Eighteenth century— 5. 5 million transported to the Americas • By 1860—ca. 11 million • Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to the Americas America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Europe on the Eve of Conquest • Tenth century— Vikings - Scandinavian (Norway, Sweden) Leif Ericson -settled “Vinland” • Late fifteenth century—preconditions for overseas settlement finally attained – Rise of nation-states – Spread of new technologies/Renaissance – General Prosperity – Rise of population America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conditions for Settlement in New World • Rise of nation states - new monarchs forge nations from scattered provinces – gain power and money • Renaissance – new technologies for sailing (lateen sail, compass, maps) • General prosperity – new middle class – new source of revenue/taxes • Population growth after 1450 America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Imagining a New World • Spain becomes the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization • Unified under Ferdinand Isabella • Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Myths and Reality • Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward water expedition to “Cathay” (China) • 1492—initial voyage • Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China • People knew world was round America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Myths and Reality • 1506—died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient • Made possible Spanish dominion in America • Spain’s main interest – previous metals (gold and silver) • Treaty of Tordesillas divided world between Spain and Portugal (Portugal got Brazil) America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Conquistadores • Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands • By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated • By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Voyages of European Exploration America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

From Plunder to Settlement • Encomienda System rewarded and controlled Conquistadors – Large land grants – Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute • Appointed officials answered only to crown • Catholic Church – Protected Indian rights – Performed mass conversions America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

From Plunder to Settlement • By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World – Unmarried males intermarried – more racially tolerant than English – Mixed-blood population emerged – More tolerant of Indians than English America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The French Claim Canada • 1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec • French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley and Canada • French crown makes little effort to foster settlement America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The French Claim Canada • French explorers seeking Northwest passage to China • Fur trade underpinned economy • Indians became valued trading partners in the fur trade business • French fur traders – coureurs de bois • Business adventure – no support from King of France America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The English Enter the Competition • English late in competition for New World because of political and religious turmoil in England • England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Birth of English Protestantism • Protestant Reformation had a major role in England’s settlement of New World – 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany – 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva • Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Militant Protestantism • Lutheran Reformation – God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests – Justification by faith alone for salvation • Calvinist Reformation – John Calvin stressed God’s omnipotence – Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Militant Protestantism • Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe – France—Huguenots – Scotland—Presbyterians – England—Puritans America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Religion, War, and Nationalism • Spanish hostility made Queen Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood • Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes • Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire • 1588—Spanish Armada defeated America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement • English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World • The Irish were considered a rehearsal for American settlement • To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric – They would view Native Americans the same way America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke • Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 – He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen • The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 • The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery • Failed because of poor planning, England’s war with Spain and hostilities with Native Americans America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Campaign to Sell America • By 1600, no English settlements in New World • Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization – Claimed that England needs American colonies – New World was a paradise for the taking America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition Divine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.