America Claims an Empire Does the U S

America Claims an Empire Does the U. S. have a duty to fight for freedom in neighboring countries?

Imperialism and America Main Idea Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition caused the United States to expand. Why it Matters Today During this time period, the United States acquired Hawaii and Alaska, both of which became states in 1959.

One American’s Story ► Queen Liliuokalani- Hawaii ► Haoles-white foreigners

American Expansionism ► America had always sought to expand the size of their nation. ► America to join imperialist power in Europe and establish colonies overseas. ► Imperialism- policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories.

Global Competition ► Africa was a prime target of European expansionism. § Ethiopia and Liberia- remained independent ► Imperialist competed for Asia § Japan joined European nations in competition

World Colonial Empires, 1900

Three Factors Fueled the New American Imperialism Three Factors Military Strength New Markets Cultural Superiority Alfred Thayer Mahan Need for raw materials New markets for goods Social Darwinism Spread Christianity “Civilize” people

The U. S. Acquires Alaska ► William Seward- Secretary of State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. ► U. S. to buy Alaska for $7. 2 million from Russia § “Seward’s Icebox”, “Seward’s Folly” § 1959 became a state. About 2 cents an acre. § Land rich with minerals, timber, and oil.

The U. S. Takes Hawaii ► 1867 - U. S. took over the Midway Islands just north of Hawaii ► Hawaii was economically and militarily important. U. S. & Hawaii Cry for Annexation End of a Monarchy Duty Free Sugar 1887 -Pearl Harbor John L. Stevens Sanford D. Dole 1898 -Hawaii annexed 1959 -50 th State

Hawaiian Islands

Roots of Imperialism Rivalry w/others imperialist Political Const. of modern Naval Fleet Roots of U. S. Imperialism Economic Foreign trade, unemployment, depression Competition from other nations Cultural Combining Social Darwinism w/Anglo Superiority Spread Christianity

► What Imperialism and America Review three factors spurred American imperialism? § § § Economic Competition Political and Military Competition Racial Superiority ► How did Queen Lilioukalani’s main goal conflict with American imperialist goals? § She wanted to preserve Hawaii for Hawaiians, while Americans wanted to annex the islands.

Spanish-American War Main Idea In 1898, the United States went to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain. Why it Matters Today U. S. involvement in Latin America and Asia increased greatly as a result of the war and continuous today.

Cubans Rebel Against Spain ► By the end of the 19 th century-Spain had lost most of its colonies. It retained only the Philippines and the island of Guam, some outposts in Africa, and the Caribbean islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Preludes to War America interested in Sugar Cubans revolt 1868 & 1878 Revolt not successful Abolished slavery-1886 Jose Marti- Cuba Libre! Americans were split on the issue

War Fever Escalates ► Spain responded by sending General Valeriano Weyler to suppress the Cuban revolt. Yellow Journalism War USS Fever Maine Explodes De Lome Letter

War with Spain ► America attacks in the Philippines § April 30, Commodore George Dewey opened fire on the Spanish fleet at Manila § 7 hours to capture the fleet. § Americans join Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

War with Spain: Pacific Theater

War in the Caribbean Rough Riders War in the Caribbean Treaty Of Paris San Juan Hill

War with Spain: Caribbean

Treaty of Paris Debate ► Debate over annexation of the Philippines ► Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League ► February, 1899 --ratification of peace treaty makes U. S. a colonizing nation

American Empire, 1900

The Spanish-American War Review ► Why was American opinion about Cuban independence divided? § U. S. businessmen sided with Spain because they wanted to protect their investments. The Americans, however, sympathized with the Cuban demand for independence. ► Briefly 1898. describe the terms of the Treaty of Paris of § Cuba’s independence; Spain’s relinquishing of Puerto Rico and Guam demand for independence.

Acquiring New Lands Main Idea In the early 1900’s, the United States engaged in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines. Why it Matter Today, the United States maintains a strong military and political presence in strategic worldwide location.

Ruling Puerto Rico ► After the Spanish-American war, the United States didn’t promise Puerto Ricans independence. Ruling Puerto Rico Military Rule Return to Civil Government Gen. Nelson A. Miles Foraker Act 1901 - Insular Cases

Cuba and the United States ► 1898 - U. S. recognized Cuba’s independence and passed the Teller Amendment. § Stated the U. S. had no intention of taking over any part of Cuba & U. S American Soldiers Platt Amendment Couldn’t make treaties U. S. could intervene Cuba no debt U. S. could lease land Protecting American Business Interest

Filipinos Rebel ► Emilio Aguilnaldo- rebel leader ► Philippine-American War § Feb. 1899 -rose to revolt § 70, 000 U. S. troops sent- majority African. Americans § Took nearly 3 years to put down the rebellion. ► Aftermath of the War § Government set up much like Puerto Rico § Finally became independent on July 4, 1946.

Foreign Influence in China ► Weakened by war and foreign intervention, China became vulnerable to foreign countries. Protecting Am. Rights Jon Hay Open Door Notes Boxer Rebellion

Protecting American Rights ► Open Door Policy reflected three deeply held American beliefs about the U. S. industrial capitalist economy: § U. S. growth depended upon exports § U. S. had right to intervene to keep foreign markets open § Closing areas to American products, citizens, or ideas threatened U. S. survival.

The Impact of U. S. Territorial Gains ► Anti-imperialist vs. Imperialist § Mc. Kinley is re-elected-strong imperialist § Anti-Imperialist League ►Included prominent officials

Acquiring New Lands Review ► Why was the U. S. interested in events in Puerto Rico? ► What sparked the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, and how was it crushed? § Puerto Rico was strategically important to the U. S. as a way to assert its presence in the Caribbean and as a base for protecting a possible canal through Panama. § The Boxers staged a revolt to expel foreigners from China. In August 1900, troops from Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the U. S. marched on the Chinese capital. The International force put an end to the rebellion. ► What three key beliefs about America's industrial capitalist economy were reflected in the Open Door Policy? § U. S. dependence on exports for growth, U. S. right to intervene to keep markets open, closing an area to American products threaten U. S. survival.

America as a World Power Main Idea The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the Mexican Revolution added to America’s military and economic power. Why it Matter Today American involvement in conflicts around 1900 led to involvement in World War I and later to a peacekeeper role in today’s world.

Teddy Roosevelt and the World ► The assassination of William Mc. Kinley in 1901 thrust Vice-President Teddy Roosevelt into the role of a world leader. Roosevelt & The World Roosevelt Peacemaker Panama Canal 1904 -Russia declares War on Japan Treaty of Portsmouth Hay-Pauncefote Treaty-1901 $10 million + $250, 000 annually

Roosevelt and the World Constructing the Canal § Builders battled disease § Workers were from Spain, Italy; ¾ were blacks from the West Indies; § 5, 600 died from accidents or disease § August 15, 1914 - Canal opened ► Roosevelt Corollary § “Speak softly and carry a big stick” § 1904 - Roosevelt Corollary. U. S. would use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America ►

Roosevelt and the World ► Dollar Diplomacy § American banker loaned money to Nicaragua to pay debts. § Bankers gained control of Nicaragua’s stateowned railroad system and its national bank. § People revolted against Pres. Adolfo Diaz. § Taft administration used the policy of using U. S. government loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople. Dollar Diplomacy.

Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy Monroe Doctrine in 1823 warned against any nations expanding their influence in Latin America. ► Wilson’s “Missionary Diplomacy”, had a moral responsibility to deny any Latin American government it viewed oppressive, or hostile to U. S. interest. ► Missionary Diplomacy Mexican Revolution Intervention in Mexico Rebellion in Mexico Porfirio Diaz overthrown Gen. Victoriano Huerta Wilson invades Veracruz Venustiano Carranza “Pancho” Villa Emiliano Zapata

Activities of the United States in the Caribbean, 1898 -1930

Chasing Villa ► President Wilson ordered Gen. John Pershing an about 15, 000 soldiers to capture Villa dead or alive. ► Troops clash with Mexican army in 1916. ► Pershing is ordered home in 1917. ► U. S. pursued and achieved several foreign policy goals in the early 20 th century. § § § Expanded access to foreign markets U. S. built a modern day navy U. S. exercised its police power to ensure dominance in Latin America

America as a World Power Review What conflict triggered the war with Russia and Japan? § A dispute over Korea ► Why is the construction of the Panama Canal considered one of the world’s greatest engineering feats? § Workers fought disease, such as yellow fever and bubonic plague. Volcanic soil was difficult to remove. Thousands died. ► Explain the key difference between Woodrow Wilson ’s moral diplomacy and Teddy Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy. § “Big stick” diplomacy demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin America. Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” demanded that countries in Lain America set up democracies. ►