America Claims an Empire Chapter Ten Chapters in

America Claims an Empire Chapter Ten

Chapters in Brief - Questions 1. What factors shaped American imperialism? 2. How did the United States gain control of former Spanish colonies? 3. How did the United States administer its newfound territories? 4. How did Roosevelt assert American power?

Chapters in Brief - Answers 1. What factors shaped American imperialism? > economic competition for raw materials and new markets > political and military competition for power > an ideology that considered English culture superior to others 2. How did the United States gain control of former Spanish colonies? > the United States entered a war against Spain in 1898 and won Puerto Rico > it also purchased the Philippines > took a dominant role in Cuba

Chapters in Brief - Answers 3. How did the United States administer its new found territories? > Puerto Rico became a territory of the United States, which chose its government > in Cuba, the United States secured passage of a new constitution that gave it the right to step in if it desired > in the Philippines, the United States fought Filipinos seeking to win full independence

Chapters in Brief - Answers 4. How did Roosevelt assert American power? > by leading negotiations to end a war between Russia and Japan > by sending a fleet around the world > by helping Panama win independence so the United States could build the Panama Canal

Chapters in Brief - Overview To compete with other powers, America gains colonies overseas, although some Americans object.

American Empire Objective to understand how individuals and events moved the United States into the role of a world power

Chapter Ten – Section One Imperialism and America

Chapters in Brief At the end of the 1800 s, the United States joined the global trend to acquire lands overseas. Nations of Europe had taken control of almost all of Africa. Japan was seizing colonies in Asia. The United States competed with other nations to gain a trade foothold in China. Three factors pushed the United States to join the grab for land: Economic competition for raw materials and markets for its manufactured goods Ø Political and military competition, based in part on the creation of a powerful new navy Ø A belief in the racial and cultural superiority of the people of England their descendants – which led many Americans to believe that the United States had a mission to spread civilization and Christianity Ø

Chapters in Brief Many Americans opposed the imperialist trend. They objected on moral practical grounds. They felt that the taking of colonies was not right or would cost too much. The first territory acquired with Alaska followed by Hawaii, where a number of Americans had established large successful sugar plantations. Through a change in Hawaii’s constitution, these planters came to control the government. In 1893, Hawaii’s queen tried to change the constitution, and the planters seized control of the island. President Grover Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii, but his successor, William Mc. Kinley, did. Hawaii became a territory of the United States in 1898.

American Expansionism Americans had always sought to expand the size of their nation n By 1880 s, many American leaders had become convinced that the US should join the imperialist powers of Europe and establish colonies overseas n Imperialism: the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories Europe had been establishing colonies for centuries n Africa was a prime target (only two countries – Ethiopia and Liberia - were independent) n Competed in Asia (China) n

American Expansionism n Imperialism grew on most Americans (Manifest Destiny) n Three Factors Fueled American Imperialism: 1. Desire for military strength 2. Wanting new markets 3. Belief in cultural superiority

Desire for Military Strength n Military expansion of European powers led U. S. do the same n Admiral Alfred T. Mahan – urged government to build up its naval power – U. S. built 9 steel-hulled cruisers between 1883 and 1890 – 3 rd largest naval power in the world

Thirst For New Markets overproduction in the U. S. led to the view that factories needed raw materials from abroad n surplus U. S. products needed to be sold in new markets n Imperialists thought it was a solution to unemployment / depression n

Belief in Cultural Superiority n cultural factors also were used to justify imperialism Three Factors: 1. Social Darwinism philosophy “survival of the fittest” 2. belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Anglo-Saxons 3. U. S. had a “responsibility” to expand spread Christianity and civilization to the world’s “inferior people”

The United States Acquires Alaska ALASKA Seward’s Folly: 1867

The United States Acquires Alaska n William Seward – Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson n 1867 - U. S. bought Alaska from Russia for $7. 2 million – 2 cents an acre some though it was silly… ”Seward’s Folly” n n 1959 Alaska became a state

The United States Takes Hawaii

The United States Takes Hawaii Protectorate: a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power • Protectorate in 1849 • military naval base at Pearl Harbor in 1887 – kingdoms best port

The United States Takes Hawaii • businesses organized a revolution against Queen Liliuokalani • she proposed removing property requirements from voting

The United States Takes Hawaii • Marines helped overthrow the Queen • President Cleveland refused to consider annexation - had unsuccessfully ordered her throne restored • Mc. Kinley takes over and favors annexation of Hawaii (1898) • 1959 Hawaii becomes the 50 th state

Imperialism and America Alternative Title: “Vote Republican if you want four more years of order and prosperity” n Slogan that follows the causes of Imperialism: “feelings of cultural superiority of the white Anglo-Saxon people n

Imperialism Radio Newscast 1. Pick a partner 2. Write a “radio newscast” about Imperialism that will be presented to the class. Write it in “play format” as to who will speak which part. 3. Include the following: a. mention the economic, social, and political aspects that started imperialism b. mention the impact of acquiring Alaska and Hawaii c. talk about the way Hawaii came under United States control d. no limit on length – be sure to include all topics have FUN and get CREATIVE!

Essential Question: Explain the economic and cultural factors that fueled the growth of American imperialism? Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section.

Chapter Ten – Section Two The Spanish American War

Chapters in Brief The United States had established close commercial ties to Cuba, still a Spanish colony. In 1895, Jose Marti launched a renewed drive for Cuban independence. He hoped to force American intervention, but opinion in the United States was divided. Spain sent an army to Cuba. Its commander put 300, 000 Cubans in concentration camps while he tried to defeat the army of independence. American newspaper reports exaggerated stories of Spanish atrocities against the Cuban people. As more people began to clamor for giving aid to the Cubans, President Mc. Kinley tried to find a peaceful solution. Spain moderated its policies and granted limited self-rule to Cuba. The issue seemed to be dying down.

Chapters in Brief Then, two incidents fanned the fire. A newspaper published a Spanish diplomat’s criticism of Mc. Kinley. Worse, a U. S. warship, the battleship Maine, mysteriously blew up in Havana’s harbor. No one knew why the explosion occurred, but newspapers blamed Spain and the cry for war became too strong to resist. The first battle of the war took place in the Philippines, another Spanish possession. Admiral George Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet there, and U. S. army units joined Filipino rebels. The Spanish in the Philippines surrendered. In Cuba, an American army—despite being illprepared — won a decisive battle. Press accounts gave great fame to Theodore Roosevelt, who led a volunteer cavalry troop known as the “Rough Riders. ” Within two days, a naval battle resulted in destruction of the Spanish fleet and Spanish surrender in Cuba. Spain quickly agreed to a peace that granted Cuba its independence and gained the United States the islands of Puerto Rico and Guam and the Philippines. By the time the Treaty of Paris was approved, the United States had an empire.

The Spanish – American War April – December 10 th 1898 A global war - fought physically in: the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba The Spanish-American War Video http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=IU 5 l 4 y. QCp. MM

American Interest in Cuba I. Background and Causes n United States had long held an interest in Cuba n American capitalists began investing millions of dollars in large sugar cane plantations n American business owners urged U. S. intervention to protect American business interests in Cuba because Jose Marti launched a revolution – guerrilla campaign and deliberately destroyed American-owned sugar mills and plantations n De Lôme letter angered the American public because of its criticism of President Mc. Kinley (“weak” and “a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”)

Headline Wars Yellow Journalism: sensationalist news reporting meant to sway public opinion – Hearst and Pulitzer had been trying to lure and enrage readers by writing exaggerated news – talked about the brutality (poisoned wells / children being thrown to the sharks) – deepened American sympathy for the rebels

The Spanish – American War (continued) ** yellow journalists are able to influence American’s opinions on foreign policy by presenting an exaggerated version of the truth in order to manipulate the emotions of their readers **

The U. S. S. Maine Explodes “Remember the Maine” n n n only a few days after the publication of the de Lome letter, American resentment toward Spain turned to outrage President Mc. Kinley ordered the U. S. S. Maine to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger from the fighting and to protect American property on February 15, 1898, the U. S. S. Maine exploded in the harbor of Havana newspapers claimed the Spanish had blown up the ship led Mc. Kinley to ask Congress to declare war

War with Spain Erupts n April 20 th the United States declared war on Spain n battle took place in the Philippine Islands n Commodore George Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila within hours of attack n showed superiority of Navy n in two months, the Spanish surrendered to the U. S.

The War in the Caribbean hostilities began with a naval blockade of Cuba n navy was strong…army had a small professional force (more volunteers) n army lacked supplies and good leaders – civil war veterans who would rather recall their experiences instead of training the volunteers n Despite these handicaps, American forces landed in Cuba in June 1898 n Rough Riders: volunteer cavalry under the command of “Teddy” Roosevelt and Leonard Wood won San Juan hill with help from two African American Regiments n victory in July n invaded Puerto Rico on July 25 th n

Treaty of Paris (1898) n the treaty ending the Spanish-American War n armistice (cease fire) on August 12 th n fighting lasted 15 weeks n freed Cuba from Spain n Guam and Puerto Rico given to the United States n Philippines sold to the U. S. for $20 million

The Spanish – American War Guam – 170, 000 Puerto Rico – 4, 000 (27 th largest) Northern Mariana Islands – 84, 000 U. S. Virgin Islands – 112, 000

Yellow Journalism Activity n Individually, create a news story using “Yellow Journalism” – it can be a modern story taken from modern head lines (think current events / current news) – stories should be rooted in reality! – do not create simple lies n Underline the parts you are exaggerating n It should be a page to a page and a half long

Essential Question: Describe the terms of the Treaty of Paris. Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section.

Chapter Ten – Section Three Acquiring New Lands In the early 1900 s, the United States engaged in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines

Chapters in Brief Many Puerto Ricans wanted independence, but others were willing to accept being an American territory. Still others wanted to become a state. The Supreme Court ruled that Puerto Ricans were not American citizens. In 1917, Congress granted that right to Puerto Ricans and allowed them to choose their legislature. But it still denied statehood to the island. For the first four years after the end of the war, the U. S. army remained in Cuba. It imprisoned Cubans who protested American presence, but it also fed the hungry and helped wipe out yellow fever, a fatal disease. The United States insisted that the new Cuban constitution grant the United States privileges. Many American businesses had invested heavily in the island, and they wanted their property protected. These provisions were agreed to —reluctantly—and Cuba became independent but partly under U. S. control. Filipinos—who had been fighting for independence for years—were outraged that the United States had annexed their islands. Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo led an armed revolt against the Americans. In a war that lasted three years, the American army used some of the same tactics that the Spanish had used in Cuba. The revolt was finally suppressed in 1902. The islands finally gained independence in 1946.

Chapters in Brief Imperialists hoped to use the Philippines as a way of gaining a foothold in Asia. The main goal was to build business ties with China. European nations and Japan had forced the Chinese to give them valuable trade benefits. Secretary of State John Hay announced the Open Door policy that opened China to the trade of any nation. This policy increased American presence in Asia. A brief, bloody Chinese uprising against western influence—the Boxer Rebellion—was put down by western forces. The United States then issued stronger safeguards of equal trade with China. President Mc. Kinley—who supported this imperialist expansion—won re-election in 1900. Many, but not all, Americans favored the expansion of American power.

Ruling Puerto Rico (1898 – 1916) Alejandro Javier Garcia Padilla Governor of Puerto Rico (2015) n not all Puerto Ricans wanted independence - some wanted statehood or American territory n strategically important for maintaining a presence in the Caribbean and protecting a future canal across the Isthmus of Panama n 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act: the U. S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government

Cuba and the United States Cuba 1898 – 1903 n when the U. S. declared war against Spain in 1898, it recognized Cuba’s independence from Spain n Teller Amendment - no intention of taking over any part of Cuba n Treaty of Paris gave independence n still occupied by troops after the war

Cuba and the United States in early 1900, the newly formed Cuban government wrote a constitution for the independent Cuba n constitution did not specify the relationship between Cuba and the United States n Platt Amendment: specified Cuba – American relationship U. S. would not take out troops until the Platt Amendment was adopted n Cuba became a U. S. protectorate (similar to that of a colony) n Remember “ a Protectorate is a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power” n

Filipinos Rebel The Philippines 1898 - 1945 – Philippines outraged at the Treaty of Paris - thought U. S. promised independence – February 1899 Filipinos revolted – led by Emilio Aguinaldo and used guerrilla tactics – U. S. took on role the Spanish had - forced Filipinos to live in designated zones where poor sanitation, starvation, and disease killed thousands – U. S. used the very same practice that Americans had condemned Spain for using in Cuba – took Americans nearly three years to put down the rebellion – after putting down the rebellion, a government similar to Puerto Rico was established – became an independent republic on July 4 th, 1946

Foreign Influence in China Open Door Policy (1900) n U. S. imperialists saw the Philippines as a gateway to the rest of Asia n Concerned that China would be carved into colonies = shut of American traders n U. S. Secretary of State (John Hay) issued a series of policy statements in 1899 Open Door Notes: messages sent to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan proposing countries share trading rights n No one would have a monopoly on any one part of China (Open Door Policy)

The Boxer Rebellion in China n n Resentment of European dominance in China’s large cities Chinese formed secret societies – pledged to rid country of “foreign devils” Boxer Rebellion: rebellion in which members of a Chinese secret society sought to free their country from Western influence n Boxers killed hundreds of missionaries and other foreigners, as well as Chinese converts to Christianity

Protecting American Rights After the Boxer Rebellion, the United States feared that European nations would use their victory to take even greater control of China n John Hay issued a second series of Open Door Notes – U. S. “would safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire” – open door for more American influence in Asia n Three American Beliefs – U. S. Industrial Capitalist Economy 1. growth of U. S. economy depended on exports 2. U. S. had the right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open 3. feared that closing of an area to American products, citizens, or ideas threatened U. S. survival

Imperialism Trading Cards n Your task is to create a “trading card” for each of the major territorial gains made by the United States during this era (Chapter 10. 3) – be creative / colorful Pick a partner or work individually Create a “trading card” for each region * Puerto Rico * Philippines * Cuba * China 3. The front side should contain an image or symbol about the country or region being taken over. 4. The back side should contain the real content: * Conflicts in the country * Resolution in the country * Legislation from Washington D. C. 1. 2.

Essential Question: Do you think that the Open Door notes policy was beneficial to the United States? Justify your answer. Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section.

Chapter Ten – Section Four America as a World Power

Chapters in Brief As part of the increased Americans role in world affairs, President Theodore Roosevelt acted as peacemaker to end a war between Japan and Russia. He also sent a fleet of navy ships to sail around the world, showing American power. Roosevelt’s major action was to ensure the building of the Panama Canal. The canal was wanted to link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, cutting travel time for merchant ships—and for U. S. navy ships. Panama then was a province of Colombia, but won its independence in a U. S. -supported revolt. The new nation gave the United States land to build a canal. It took ten years to build the 50 -mile-long canal, and it was a success from the start. But Roosevelt’s actions caused ill will toward the United States throughout Latin America. The president warned European nations to keep their hands off Latin America. He also announced his intention to intervene whenever political turbulence in Latin America threatened U. S. business. President Taft took such

Chapters in Brief President Taft took such a step in 1911, sending troops to Nicaragua. In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson took a moral tone in Latin American policy. He said that the United States would refuse to recognize any Latin American government that was oppressive, undemocratic, or opposed U. S. interests. A revolution in Mexico quickly tested this policy. Conservatives favored by U. S. businesses that invested in Mexico seized the Mexican government. Wilson used a minor incident to send troops to Veracruz. When a new leader took power in Mexico, Wilson withdrew the troops. Trouble did not end. A revolt against the new Mexican government by Francisco “Pancho” Villa involved the United States. Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to pursue Villa and punish him for the death of some Americans. The American soldiers clashed with units of the Mexican army, straining relations. Finally, they were withdrawn. The incident revealed Americans’ willingness to assert their power in the western hemisphere.

America as a World Power

Teddy Roosevelt and the World n Roosevelt became President in 1901 when William Mc. Kinley was assassinated n Roosevelt wants to stop imperial powers from controlling the world’s political and economic destiny n built on the Open Door notes— increase American influence in East Asia by mediating a settlement between Russia and Japan

Roosevelt the Peacemaker n n n Russo – Japanese War Russia and Japan were imperialist powers competing for control of Korea Japan won a series of battles (running low on men and money) Japan asked Theodore Roosevelt to mediate negotiations Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth U. S. and Japanese interests expanded in East Asia

Panama Canal Video n http: //www. bing. com/videos/watch/video/matt- lauer-sails-the-panama-canal/64 iq 9 zz

Panama Canal n many Americans felt that the United States needed a canal cutting across Central America n shortcut needed between Atlantic and Pacific to reduce travel time for commercial and military ships Columbia ruled Panama (negotiations failed) n Panama rebellion organized against Columbia n 1903 – U. S. warships present as Panama declared independence n United States pays $10 million plus $250, 000 per year n

Constructing the Canal n construction ranks as one of the world’s greatest engineering feats disease – yellow fever and malaria – 5, 600 dead n dangerous working conditions n n n cost $ 380, 000 opened in 1914 damage to U. S. –Latin American relations due to American support of the rebellion in Panama n Congress ended up paying Columbia $25 million for compensation of lost territory n

Roosevelt Corollary financial factors drew the US further into Latin-American affairs n many Latin American countries borrowed money from European banks – railroads / develop industry n Roosevelt did not want them to get involved if they could not pay n reminded them of the 1823 Monroe Doctrine – demanded European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin American nations n Roosevelt Corollary: extension of the Monroe Doctrine claims the right to protect its economic interest by means of military intervention n “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

Dollar Diplomacy n exercised police power several times in the 1910’s n William Taft followed policy of guaranteeing loans made to other countries by American businesses people Dollar Diplomacy: the U. S. power of using the nation’s economic power to exert influence over other countries n used to justify keeping Europe out of the Caribbean

Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy n gave Monroe Doctrine a moral tone n moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to the U. S. n pressured the Western Hemisphere to establish democracies

Foreign Policy Achievements (early 20 th century) 1. Expanded access to overseas markets (continue to grow the economy) 2. Built a modern navy to protect interests 3. Exercised international police power to dominate Latin America

Essential Question: Which President – Roosevelt or Wilson – had the best diplomacy policy? Justify your answer. Hint: Roosevelt = “big stick” (Europe stay out of Americas affairs) OR Wilson = “missionary diplomacy” (Latin America set up democracies). Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section.

American Empire Objective to understand how individuals and events moved the United States into the role of a world power