AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR WORLD WAR I
- Slides: 69
AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR WORLD WAR I 1914 -1918 AMERICA’S ENTRY 1917
WOODROW WILSON ► GREW UP IN GEORGIA, CAROLINAS ► SON OF PRESBYTERIAN MINISTER ► COLLEGE PROFESSOR AT PRINCETON ► ONLY U. S. PRESIDENT – PH. D (Johns Hopkins) ► WIFE, ELLEN, DIED IN HIS FIRST TERM IN OFFICE (1914, KIDNEY DISEASE) ► MET EDITH BOLLING GALT (WIDOW FROM WASHINGTON); MARRIED IN 1915
“It would be an irony of fate if my administration had to deal chiefly with foreign affairs” --Wilson 1919 - After the First World War, Wilson sought to convince Americans to join the League of Nations; his brutal tour of U. S. to promote the League, led to his physical demise. In Sept. 1919, in Pueblo, Colorado, Wilson collapsed, suffering a stroke. His entire left side was paralyzed and his left eye blinded. Wife, Edith took over his primary duties for the remainder of his presidency. Warren G. Harding succeeded him as president.
EDITH WILSON, SECOND WIFE ELLEN WILSON, FIRST WIFE
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY ► “IDEALIST DIPLOMACY” – WILSON SOUGHT NEW WORLD ORDER GOVERNEMED ► FOREIGN POLICY UNDER TAFT/WILSON ► ENCOURAGED U. S. BANKS TO AID DEBTPLAGUED COUNTRIES IN LATIN AMERICA SUCH AS HAITI, GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA ► THIS DIPLOMACY TERM ALSO REFERENCES WILSON’S FREQUENT INTERVENTIONS IN LATIN AMERICAN AFFAIRS
U. S. INTERVENTION: NICARAGUA, HAITI, DOMINICAN REPBUBLIC, MEXICO INCREASED U. S. $ IN LATIN AMERICA = INCREASED U. S. INTEREST IN DEVELOPMENTS “FOLLOW THE MONEY TRAIL”
WILSON’S IDEOLOGY ► SAW HIMSELF AS A MAN OF DESTINY, GOVERNED BY MORALITY AND IDEALISM ► “I AM GOING TO TEACH THE SOUTH AMERICAN REPUBLICS TO ELECT GOOD MEN” ► “I SUPPOSE THERE IS NOTHING TO DO BUT TO TAKE THE BULL BY THE HORNS AND RESTORE ORDER”
MEXICAN CIVIL WAR ► INSTABILITY IN MEXICO ► PORFIRIO DIAZ-1876 -1910 (MILITARY DICTATOR)…OVERTHROWN ► FRANCISCO MADERO-LED REBELLION ► VICTORIANO HUERTA IN POWER (MADERO MURDERED) ► WILSON DOESN’T SUPPORT HUERTA ► VENUSTIANO CARRANZA (CONSTITUTIONAL PARTY) HAS U. S. BACKING ► PANCHO VILLA – BANDIT ON RAMPAGE AGAINST U. S. ► AMERICAN GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING - SENT AFTER VILLA IN MEXICO
MEXICAN INSTABILITY ► FORECASTS COMING PACT BETWEEN GERMANY AND MEXICO, AGAINST U. S. ► FORESHADOWS U. S. ENTRY INTO WWI
MURDER AT SARAJEVO ► ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANCIS FERDINAND HIS WIFE, SOPHIE ► CATALYST THAT PULLED VIRTUALLY ALL OF EUROPE INTO TOTAL WAR ► 4 REASONS FOR WAR § ALLIANCES § MILITARISM § NATIONALISM § IMPERIALISM
Archduke Francis Ferdinand w/ Family
ALLIANCES SIDES WERE DRAWN ► TRIPLE ENTENTE (UNDERSTANDING) (ALLIED POWERS) § GREAT BRITAIN § FRANCE § RUSSIA ► TRIPLE ALLIANCE (CENTRAL POWERS) § GERMANY § AUSTRIA-HUNGARY § ITALY (WITHDREW WHEN WAR STARTED)
MILITARISM ► MILITARY BUILD-UP ► SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION – NEW TECHNOLOGY ► EACH COUNTRY WANTED SELFSUFFICIENCY & DEFENSE CAPABILITIES ► MILITARY BUILD UP OF NAVIES/ARMIES
NATIONALISM ► EXTREME LOYALTY/PATRIOTISM FOR COUNTRY ► EVERY COUNTRY THOUGHT THEIRS THE BEST ► SMALLER COUNTRIES – WANTED TO RUN OWN AFFAIRS; DID NOT WANT TO BE RULED BY LARGER COUNTRIES
COUNTRIES’ STRENGTHS ► GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN – STRONG NAVIES ► GERMANY/FRANCE/RUSSIA – LARGE ARMIES § USED CONSCRIPTION – DRAFT CITIZENS FOR MILITARY SERVICE ► GERMANY STRONGEST OVERALL
► DESIRE IMPERIALISM TO BE INVOVLED OUTSIDE OWN BORDERS ► “HAVES” VS. “HAVE-NOTS” – SOME COUNTRIES ACQUIRED MORE TERRITORIES THAN OTHERS ► “HAVES” – GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE (COLONIES); RUSSIA (LAND) ► “HAVE-NOTS” – GERMANY, ITALY (SMALL COLONIZES) ► RIVALIRIES DEVELOP COMPETING FOR NEW COLONIES
FIRST WORLD WAR ► MACHINE GUNS, HIGH VELOCITY RIFLES, AERIAL BOMBING, POISON GAS, FLAME THROWERS, LAND MINES, LONG-RANGE ARTILLERY, ARMORED TANKS ► 61 MILLION SERVED ► 9 MILLION KILLED IN ACTION ► 19 MILLION WOUNDED ► 3 MILLION WIDOWS, 6 MILLION ORPHANS
FIRST WORLD WAR ► STALEMATE ► BATTLE OF VERDUN, (NE FRANCE, FEB-DEC 1916) 32 MILLION ARTILLERY SHELLS FIRED — 1, 500 SHELLS/SQUARE METER ► DAY ONE BATTLE OF SOMME-20, 000 BRITISH DIED, 40, 000 INJURED (LESS 24 HRS. ) ► LANDSCAPE LOOKED LIKE ATOMIC BOMB WENT OFF ► CASUALTIES: 162, 000 FRENCH DIED, 143, 000 GERMANS
TECHNOLOGY ► Second Industrial Revolution ► Tanks, machine guns, poison gas, airplanes, bombs, cannons, derigibles (blimps/balloons) ► For all the new technology, the war was still fought primarily with men, guns, and horses ► Armies were massive, numbering in millions ► Ultimately war decided on seas, not land
Horses Australian Horsemen from Battle of Gallipoli
Soldier & horse w/ gas mask Landing horses at Gallipoli
Turkish Calvary S. of Jerusalem
The Battle of the Somme , 1 July-18 November 1916
GERMAN ARMY IN DESTROYED POLISH LOCALITY IN WWI
GERMAN TROOPS DURING THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE
TRENCH WARFARE ► NO-MAN’S LAND ► 600 MILES OF TRENCHES FROM SWITZERLAND TO ENGLISH CHANNEL
WAR OF TWO FRONTS AND ON GLOBAL SCALE ► WESTERN FRONT – GERMANY V. FRANCE/BRITAIN (LATER U. S. ) ► EASTERN FRONT – GERMANY (AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY) V. RUSSIA ► ALSO SOUTHERN FRONT IN BALKANS ► MUCH FIGHTING EXTENDED BEYOND EUROPE TO ASIA, AFRICA, AND SEAS INBETWEEN (WHERE EUROPEAN POWERS HELD COLONIES)
Summary of Countries’ Desires ► France – wanted return of Alsace. Lorraine; Germany took this area from France in 1870 (people spoke French) ► Russia- wanted to control “Dardanelles” – year-round fresh port ► Great Britain – wanted naval supremacy to control all its colonies ► Germany- wanted to control Balkan Peninsula
Summary of Countries’ Desires (cont. ) ► Italy – expand into North Africa ► Austria-Hungary – wanted to control Serbia (Slavic people spread across Europe – common language)
The Dardanelles
War Events Central Powers ► Germany Neutrals Turkey ► Bulgaria ► Austria. Hungary ► U. S. A. (1917) Italy ( 1915) Norway Sweden Denmark Netherlands Spain Switzerland Albania Allied Powers Russia ► Great Britain ► France ► Japan, Belgium, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Montenegro, Portugal ►
World War II
EVENTS ► June 28, 1914 – Archduke shot – “spark” leading to WWI ► Austria – demands Serbia come under their control; Serbia refuses; check w/ Germany to make sure of Alliances ► July 28, 1914 – Austria declares war on Serbia (1) ► Russia – mobilizes troops (2) – don’t want intervention in Balkans; Austria-Hungary declares war on them Aug. 6 (6)
EVENTS (cont. ) ► Germany – declares war on Russia Aug. 1 (3); declares war on France on Aug. 3 (4) ► Great Britain – declares war on Germany on Aug. 4 (5); declares war on Austria-Hungary Aug. 12 (7) ► USA – declares themselves neutral on Aug. 4 ► Italy – does not enter war until 1915
Germany on Western Front ► Quick War – Germany intended to strike and defeat France quickly, then turn all troops against Russia ► Von Schlieffen Plan § March through Belgium – Germany ignored a neutrality treaty signed w/ Belgium “scrap of paper” – France did not have this area blocked well § Excess Time in Belgium – took Germany 18 days in Belgium rather than expected 6 days; people of Belgium resisted (allowed France time to regroup)
st 1 Battle of Marne ► 9/14 – Germans advanced as far as the Marne River before France and Britain could get enough troops gathered to stop them § ONE OF THE MOST DECISIVE BATTLES; KEPT ALLIES FROM EARLY DEFEAT ► Allies Counter – drive Germans back to Aisne River ► Stalemate – for 3 years, neither side could make advances
First Battle of Marne, Sept. 1914
British Blockades ► Two Blockades Established § 1. Across North Sea (mine barrier) § 2. Blocked area from Norway to Netherlands ► Purpose of Blockades § Contraband – smuggled goods illegally transported; British would stop ships § British Violated – International Law (first to do so) by confiscating many items and preventing trade w/ neutral countries
► USA Effects of Blockades – biggest neutral trading country – USA upset because trade w/ Germany interrupted ► USA trade w/ Germany – cut to 2% of former shipments ► USA trade w/ Allies – grew 4 x as much ► U. S. Economy – booms ► Germans Answer to Blockades § U-Boats – German submarines couldn’t take contraband; so just shot down ships § Purpose – prevent U. S. supplies from reaching G. B.
Fighting the War ► 1914 -1916 § Western Front ►Germany’s Goal (8/1914) – destroy France quickly; turn everything against Russia § Goal not reached…slow down through Belgium allowed Allies time to regroup § 1 st Battle of Marne – prevented early defeat of Allies; stopped Germans just short of Paris § Trench Warfare – developed along Western Front after Germany driven back to Aisne River – STALEMATE ►Germany’s 2 nd Offensive Thrust (1915/1916) § Verdun, Somme (2/1915) – failed § Battle of Jutland – Naval battle; Germany hoped to end deadlock w/ surface fleet; failed § Eastern Front – Russia into Germany; stalemate
The War, 1917 ► Eastern Front § March, 1917 – 1 st Russian Revolution; Czar overthrown, Kerensky set up democracy ►April 6, 1917 – U. S. enters war § November, 1917 – 2 nd Russian Revolution; Lenin sets up Communist govt. ; Germany into Russia on E. Front ►Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3/1918) – Russia signs peace treaty w/ Germany; allows German troops to move to Western Front (last chance before U. S. arrives en masse)
The War, 1917 ► Western Front § Germany’s goal – destroy Allies before U. S. arrives; announced 1/1917 resuming submarine activity § Early U. S. contributions – Naval operations under Admiral Simms; took time to draft, train army ►Convoy System – using convoys, supply ships to England greatly increased ►Destroyed Subs – w/ new detections devices, German fleets wiped out (Hydrophone devices; depth chargers split fragile subs)
The War, 1918 ► Eastern Front – Russia surrounded, allowing troops to move to Western Front ► Southern Front – Austrians had moved through Balkans and were threatening Italy in late 1917 ► Western Front – Germany ready to attempt last major effort in defeating Allies w/ spring offensives of 1918 § Militarily superior but not enough to break through Allied defenses
Key Military Players ► Commanders § Paul von Hindenburg (Top Commander-Figurehead) – German high commander § Erich Ludendorff (Brains) – 2 nd in command; real brains behind German operations § Marshall Foch – French commander; made leader of Allies in 3/1918 § John J. Pershing – U. S. Commander in charge of A. E. F. ►AEF – AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE (U. S. TROOPS) ►“DOUGHBOYS” – Nickname for U. S. troops (99% W. Front)
Defensive Battles ► Cantigny (5/1918) – 1 st U. S. contribution under British command ► Chateau Thierry (5/1918) – helped French hold Germans ► Belleau Wood (6/1918) – held Germans in 6 days of fighting ► Rheims (2 nd Battle of Marne, 7/ 1918) – TIDE OF WAR TURNED…MOVED FROM DEFENSIVE TO OFFENSIVE; FOCH LED COUNTERATTACK
Counter-Offensive Battles ► St. Mihiel (9/1918) – part of Allied offensive; Americans led by Pershing supported by French troops, British planes ► Meuse-Argonne Offensive – Americans drive for Sedan – 47 days of fighting (part of fighting along entire front) ► Hindenburg Line – last line of German defense; broken in 10/1918
Peace ► German Government (10/1918) – Kaiser Wilhelm II leaves for Netherlands; new govt. begins 1 month of negotiations ► Armistice – agreement to stop fighting; signed at Compiegne, France in RR car; § 11 th hour, 11 th day, 11 th month 1918 – Remembrance Day…now Veterans Day ► Occupation Rhine of Rhineland – withdraw behind § Cologne, Coblenz, Mainz
Casualties ► U. S. - 120, 000 ► Russia, Germany – 1, 700, 000 each § Russia could be doubled ► France, Austria – 1, 300, 000 each ► England – 900, 000 ► Totals – 18 million
Corporal Adolf Hitler ► Lies in a German hospital recovering from British gas attack…. humiliated by defeat and dreams of recovery
Battle of Jutland
Battle of Faukland Islands, Germany loses two battleships
UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT IN THE GREAT WAR
UNITED STATES NEUTRALITY ► “NEUTRAL IN THOUGHT AS WELL AS IN ACTION” --WOODROW WILSON ► “OUR ISOLATED POSITION AND FREEDOM FROM ENTANGLING ALLIANCES…WE ARE IN NO PERIL OF BEING DRAWN INTO THE EUROPEAN QUARREL” --LITERARY DIGEST ► WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN, SECRETARY OF STATE, AGAINST ANY ASSISTANCE WHATSOEVER
Changing Tides on the Seas….
AMERICA’S ENTRY INTO WAR ► “THE WORLD MUST BE SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY” ► U. S. PASSED WAR RESOLUTION ON APRIL 6, 1917 ► TWO EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS TO WAR EFFORT UNDER REAR ADMIRAL WILLIAM SIMS (NAVY) § CONVOY SYSTEM (ESCORT MERCHANT SHIPS) § MINES ACROSS NORTH SEA
Reasons for U. S. Involvement ► 1. German Submarine Warfare § Purpose for sub activity – hinder supply route from U. S. to Great Britain § American lives - >200 American lives lost on ships sunk by U-Boats ►Lusitania (May 7, 1915) – British sea liner; 1200 lives lost, 128 Americans die, sunk in 18 min. because munitions exploded § Americans protest – Told Germany wrong; promised not to do it again
Reasons for U. S. Involvement (cont. ) ► 1. German Submarine Warfare § Arabic (8/1915) – British sea liner sunk, 2 Americans killed ►Arabic Pledge – promise not to sink more ships w/o warning (give passengers safety) § Sussex (3/1916) – French freighter ship – many Americans injured ►Sussex Pledge – promise not to do it again; Germany did not want U. S. entering war (if England stops hunger/blockade) § January 31, 1917 – Germans announced their intentions to resume submarine warfare
2. Zimmerman Letter ► Sent by Alfred Zimmerman (German foreign minister) to Ambassador in Mexico; said Germany wanted Mexico as ally; would give them New Mexico, Texas, Arizona back ► Intercepted by British
Zimmerman Letter w/ decryption (below)
3. Fear of Germany as World Power ► Autocracy – govt. where one person has unlimited power ► Kaiser Wilhelm II – ruler of Germany § Pan Germanism – preached by Kaiser that Germany would dominated the world using war ► Americans – did not want this type of govt. expanding – feared Germany’s power if they conquered Europe
4. Russian Revolution ► Russia appeared to be out of war in 1917 § Kerensky out (3/1917), Lenin in (11/1917) ► Allowed Germany to concentrate men on Western Front ► Looked like Allies were near to collapse ► WAR DECLARED BY U. S. – April 6, 1917
EARLY ROLE OF AMERICA ► “LIBERTY BONDS” – MONEY TO BUY AMERICAN SUPPLIES ► JUNE 26, 1917 U. S. MILITARY FORCE ON GROUND IN FRANCE ► UNDER GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING ► BY SPRING, 1918, 1 MILLION US TROOPS ► CONSCRIPTION IMPLEMENTED ► 2 MILLION TROOPS CROSSED ATLANTIC; 1. 4 MILLION SAW COMBAT
WORK FORCE ► IMMIGRANTS AND BLACKS PICKED UP JOBS VACATED BY SOLDIERS ► GREAT MIGRATION NORTH (40, 000 BLACKS) ► RACIAL TENSIONS = VIOLENCE IN MANY NORTHERN CITIES (ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO) ► WOMEN – WAR BOND, RELIEF DRIVES, RED CROSS, ARMY NURSE CORPS, WARRELATED JOBS (RIGHT TO VOTE ON HORIZON)
PROPAGANDA
http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=zikc. Hnimsxk Dear Fatherland, put your mind to rest
HOME FRONT ► PROPAGANDA, NOT CENSORSHIP ► “AMERICANISM” = ANTI-GERMANISM ► SAUERKRAUT = LIBERTY CABBAGE ► GERMAN MEASLES = LIBERTY MEASLES ► DACHSHUNDS = LIBERTY PUPS ► ESPIONAGE (1917) AND SEDITION ACTS (1918)– OUTLAWED CRITICISM OF GOVT. LEADERS AND WAR POLICY ► youtube song lieb vaterland magst ruhig sein
- Rap of the states
- Chapter 9 america in world war 1
- The great war: the world in upheaval
- Asia africa europe north america south america
- Whats an onomatopeia
- Why is it called latin america
- Happening e performance
- Great america leasing company
- America confronts the post-cold war era
- America moves toward war
- Chapter 24 section 4 america moves toward war
- Chapter 25 cold war america
- America civil war
- America moves toward war section 4
- America on the world stage
- Hình ảnh bộ gõ cơ thể búng tay
- Bổ thể
- Tỉ lệ cơ thể trẻ em
- Chó sói
- Tư thế worms-breton
- Alleluia hat len nguoi oi
- Các môn thể thao bắt đầu bằng tiếng đua
- Thế nào là hệ số cao nhất
- Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
- Công của trọng lực
- Trời xanh đây là của chúng ta thể thơ
- Cách giải mật thư tọa độ
- Làm thế nào để 102-1=99
- Phản ứng thế ankan
- Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
- Thơ thất ngôn tứ tuyệt đường luật
- Quá trình desamine hóa có thể tạo ra
- Một số thể thơ truyền thống
- Bàn tay mà dây bẩn
- Vẽ hình chiếu vuông góc của vật thể sau
- Biện pháp chống mỏi cơ
- đặc điểm cơ thể của người tối cổ
- Thứ tự các dấu thăng giáng ở hóa biểu
- Vẽ hình chiếu đứng bằng cạnh của vật thể
- Phối cảnh
- Thẻ vin
- đại từ thay thế
- điện thế nghỉ
- Tư thế ngồi viết
- Diễn thế sinh thái là
- Dot
- Số nguyên tố là gì
- Tư thế ngồi viết
- Lời thề hippocrates
- Thiếu nhi thế giới liên hoan
- ưu thế lai là gì
- Sự nuôi và dạy con của hổ
- Sự nuôi và dạy con của hổ
- Sơ đồ cơ thể người
- Từ ngữ thể hiện lòng nhân hậu
- Thế nào là mạng điện lắp đặt kiểu nổi
- Chapter 16 lesson 2 challenges to slavery
- World war 2 and its aftermath section 3 quiz
- World war 1 and the russian revolution chapter 27
- From the edwardian age to the first world war
- Chapter 14 world war 1 and the russian revolution
- Lord of the flies and world war 2
- Ap world history chapter 25 africa and the atlantic world
- The changing world output and world trade picture
- The changing world output and world trade picture
- Turning great strategy into great performance
- South dakota state animal
- Responsible leadership meaning
- Great white shark vs great hammerhead