America and Globalization 1990 Present AP U S

America and Globalization (1990 -Present) AP U. S. History

Think About It Evaluate to what extent the Vietnam conflict marked a turning point in American foreign policy between 1945 and the present. } Evaluate how the end of the Cold War maintained continuity and fostered change in American foreign policy. } Evaluate to what extent late 20 th century and 21 th century globalization impacted American cultural and social identity. }

Election of 1988 George H. W. Bush (R) } Michael Dukakis (D) } Campaign } § “Read my lips. No new taxes. ” § Dukakis in the Tank § Willie Horton ad

George H. W. Bush (R) (1989 -1993) American with Disabilities Act (1990) } Recession (1990 -1991) } § Savings and Loan Crisis 27 th Amendment (1992) } Foreign Developments } § Persian Gulf War (1991)

George H. W. Bush (R) (1989 -1993) End of Cold War } Iron Curtain Falls § Germany Berlin Wall falls (1989) and Reunification (1990) § Eastern Europe Poland Solidarity § Soviet Union Dissolution (1991) START I (1991) and START II (1993) } China and Tiananmen Square (1989)

H. W. Bush & End of Cold War (1989 -1993) Panama and Persian Gulf War and Somalia } Operation Just Cause (1989 -1990) § Invasion of Panama } Operation Desert Storm (1991) § Iraq invaded Kuwait § Coalition victory over Iraq } Operation Restore Hope (1992 -1993) § Somalia § Continued through Clinton administration

Historiography “The Cold War and Beyond: Stability, Hegemony, Chaos? ” John Lewis Gaddis - ”We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History” (1997) } At the same time, though, it is difficult to see how a strategy of containment could have developed – with the Marshall Plan as its centerpiece – had there been nothing to contain. One need only recall the early 1920 s, when similar conditions of European demoralization, Anglo-French exhaustion, and American economic predominance had existed; yet no American empire arose as after World War II. The critical difference, of course, was national security: Pearl Harbor created an atmosphere of vulnerability Americans had not known since the earliest days of the republic, and the Soviet Union by 1947 had become the most plausible source of threat. The American empire arose primarily, therefore, not from internal causes, as had the Soviet empire, but from a perceived external danger powerful enough to overcome American isolationism. Odd Arne Westad – “The New International History of the Cold War: Three (Possible) Paradigms” (2000) } Had it not been for the existence of these new [decolonization] states, it is likely that the Cold War conflict, in its 1940 s and 1950 s form, would have petered out sometime in the 1960 s, with the stabilization of European borders and the Soviet post. Stalin “normalization. ” What prolonged the conflict was its extension into areas in which the Cold War ideological duality had no relevance for the majority of the people, but where U. S. and Soviet leaders convinced themselves that the postcolonial states were theirs to win or lose. Local Third World elites were therefore able to attain Great Power allies in their wars against their peoples, and the organizations opposing them could often forge their own foreign links, in some cases based on the most incongruous of ideological alliances, such as U. S. support for radical Islamist parties in Afghanistan.

Election of 1992 Bill Clinton (D) } George H. W. Bush (R) } H. Ross Perot (Reform Party) }

Bill Clinton (D) (1993 -2001) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994) } Republican Revolution (1994) } § Contract with America § Newt Gingrich Welfare Reform Act (1996) } Lewinski Scandal and Impeachment } Social and Cultural Developments } § Internet } Foreign Developments § Bosnia

Election of 1996 Bill Clinton (D) } Bob Dole (R) } H. Ross Perot (Reform Party) }

Bill Clinton (D) (1993 -2001) Foreign Policy North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1993) } Bosnia (1995 -1999) } Globalization } § World Trade Organization (WTO) § World Bank § International Monetary Fund (IMF) § Group of 8 (G-8) Foreign Policy Shifter, 1994 Seattle Post-Intelligencer

1990 s in Television } Comedic Escapism § Seinfeld § Friends } Dramas Pushing the Line § Twin Peaks § NYPD Blue § X-Files } Animation § § § } Batman: TAS Beavis and Butt-head South Park Teen Dramas § Beverly Hills 90210 § Buffy, the Vampire Slayer

1990 s in Film } } } Pulp Fiction Jurassic Park Fight Club The Matrix Clueless

1990 s in Music } Rock § Alternative Rock § Grunge: Smells Like Teen Spirit by Nirvana § Punk Rock } Pop § Teen Pop: Wannabe by the Spice Girls § Boy Bands } Contemporary R&B } Waterfalls by TLC } Hip Hop § Gangsta Rap: It Was a Good Day by Ice Cube § Ice Baby by Vanilla Ice § In Living Color parody § Baby Got Back by Sir Mix-A-Lot

Election of 2000 Al Gore (D) } George W. Bush (R) } Ralph Nader (Green Party) } Bush v. Gore (2000) }

George W. Bush (R) (2001 -2009) } Conservative Agenda § Bush Tax Cuts (2001, 2003) § NCLB (2001) } 9/11 § USA PATRIOT Act Hurricane Katrina (2005) } Great Recession (2007 -2009) } § Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) } Foreign Developments § § 9/11 War on Terror Afghanistan Iraq

George W. Bush (R) (2001 -2009) War on Terror 9/11 } Bush Doctrine } § Afghanistan § Iraq Homeland Security } USA PATRIOT Act }

President George W. Bush Is Abusing the War Powers; The President Needs Broad Wartime Powers to Protect the Nation Elizabeth Holtzman – “The Impeachment John Yoo – “Wartime, Constitution, of George W. Bush” (2006) Empower Presidents” (2006) } Ours is a government of limited power. We learn in elementary school the concept of checks and balances. Those checks do not vanish in wartime; the President’s role as Commander in Chief does not swallow up Congress’s powers or the Bill of Rights…it is impossible to find in the Constitution unilateral presidential authority to act against US citizens in a way that violates US laws, even in wartime. As Justice Sandra Day O’Connor recently wrote, “A state of war is not a blank check for the President when it comes to the rights of the nation’s citizens. ”… Indeed, the claim to protect Americans the President needs to be able to avoid court review of his wiretap applications rings hollow. It is unclear why or in what way the existing law, requiring court approval, is not satisfactory. And, if the law is too cumbersome or inapplicable to modern technology, then it is unclear why the President did not seek to revise it instead of disregarding it and thus jeopardizing many otherwise legitimate antiterrorism prosecutions. His defenders’ claim that changing the law would have given away secrets is unacceptable. There are procedures for considering classified information in Congress. } Similarly, the least dangerous way to prevent rogue nations from acquiring WMDs may depend on secret intelligence gathering and covert action, rather than open military intervention. Delay for a congressional debate could render useless any time-critical intelligence or windows of opportunity. If Congress wants to prevent military adventurism, it can simply do nothing – presidents can wage no war without the troops and weapons funded by Congress. The Constitution creates a presidency that can respond forcefully and independently to pre-empt serious threats to our national security. Instead of demanding a legalistic process to begin war, the framers left war to politics. Presidents can take the initiative and Congress would use their funding power to check him. As we confront terrorism, rogue nations, and WMD proliferation, now is not the time to engage in a radical change in the way our government has waged war for decades.

Election of 2004 George W. Bush (R) } John Kerry (D) } § Howard Dean** - Democratic Caucus in Iowa

Roberts Court (2005 -Present) Citizens United v. FEC (2010) } Mc. Donald v. Chicago (2010) } National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius (2012) } United States v. Windsor (2013) }

Election of 2008 } Democrat § Barack Obama Primary vs. Hillary Clinton } Republican § John Mc. Cain Sarah Palin § Great Recession

Barack Obama (D) (2009 -2017) } Great Recession (2007 -2009) § American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009) } Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010) § “Obamacare” Tea Party and 2010 Mid-Term Elections } Social and Cultural Developments } § Gay Rights Repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” Same-sex marriage and DOMA } Foreign Developments § Arab Spring § Crimea § ISIL

Great Recession and Recovery

Contemporary Labor Developments Taft-Hartley Act (1947) } AFL-CIO (1955) } § United Farm Workers (UFW) } United Farm Workers § Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta } Labor Unions Weaken § § PATCO Strike (1981) NAFTA (1994) Right-to-Work States Outsourcing

Election of 2012 Barack Obama (D) } Mitt Romney (R) }

Obama and Foreign Developments (2009 -2017) Death of Osama bin Laden } Iraq } § Ended occupation } Afghanistan § Taliban resurgence } Arab Spring § Egypt § Libya § Syria } Ukraine § Crimea One’s Bullseye Cannot Rescure Obama’s Record Financial Times, May 2012

Civil Rights Hispanics Hernandez v. Texas (1954) } Chicano Movement } § El Movimiento § La Raza Unida } Cesar Chavez § Viva la Causa § Si Se Puede } Bilingual Education § Coral Way Elementary (1963) § Bilingual Education Act (1968) } Political Gains § Sonia Sotomayor - first Hispanic Supreme Court justice (2009)

Civil Rights Natives } American Indian Movement (AIM) (1968) § Civil rights organization for native property rights and cultural preservation and restoration Indian Self-Determination Act (1975) } Sports team references } § Washington Redskins

Civil Rights LGBT } Gay Liberation Movement § Stonewall Riots (1969) AIDS } Setbacks } § Anita Bryant and Save Our Children (1977) § Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) § Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell (1993) § Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (1996) } Achievements § Lawrence v. Texas (2003) § Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Contemporary Immigration } Pushes § Escape communism, violence } Pulls § Seek American Dream } Immigration Policies § Immigration Act of 1965 Eliminated 1920 s quota laws § Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986) Penalties for illegal immigration employment Illegal immigrants before 1982 granted residency

Contemporary Society and Culture Multiculturalism } Melting Pot § Americanization and assimilation of diverse cultures } Salad Bowl § Cultural mosaic § Promotion of cultural diversity } Contemporary nativism § American exceptionalism § English Language Amendment

Contemporary Society and Culture Environmental Movement Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962) } Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1970) } Earth Day - April 22 } Fossil Fuels } § Oil § Natural gas/fracking § Coal } Alternative Fuel Sources § Nuclear Three Mile Island (1979), Chernobyl (1986), and Fukushima (2011) § Solar energy § Electric hybrids } Global Warming/Climate Change § Human impact on CO 2 levels

Contemporary Society and Culture Health } Medical Breakthroughs § Polio Vaccine and Jonas Salk (1955) § CAT Scan (1971) § MRI (1971) § Stem cell therapy (1998) } Epidemics § HIV/AIDS § Cancer § Obesity

Contemporary Society and Culture American Family and Lifestyle } Graying of America § 1/8 th of Americans are 65 or older (2000) § Life expectancy is 78 years old (2012) § Baby boomers retiring and impact on Social Security } American Family § Nearly 50% divorce rates § Single parenthood § Different forms of family } Education § 1 in 4 of 25 -34 year olds a 4 year college graduate § Internet

Contemporary Society and Culture Technology and the Future Automation } Internet } § World Wide Web } Genetics § DNA structure (1953) § Human Genome Project

Election of 2016 } Donald Trump (R) § “Make America Great Again” § Access Hollywood tape } Hillary Clinton (D) § Bernie Sanders and DNC § E-mails § Benghazi

Donald Trump (R) (2017 -? ? ) } Foreign Developments § Immigration “The Wall” EO 13768