Alternatives to Using Exercise as Punishment Using exercise

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Alternatives to Using Exercise as Punishment: Using exercise as punishment remains common in sports

Alternatives to Using Exercise as Punishment: Using exercise as punishment remains common in sports and physical education despite efforts to end the practice By Jake Elliott

Exercise as Punishment n n n In the past teachers have always used exercise

Exercise as Punishment n n n In the past teachers have always used exercise as a punishment. It is a short term method to manage a classroom, focus students’ attention, stop bad behavior, stop bad attitudes. Individuals in authority might benefit from reflecting on the consequences of using exercise as punishment or behavior management

Purpose of Article n This article examines participants' beliefs about the outcomes of using

Purpose of Article n This article examines participants' beliefs about the outcomes of using exercise as punishment in an effort to better understand why individuals engage in this practice and how future teachers and coaches might be educated to not use this practice.

Survey of Future P. E. Teachers n Burak, Rosenthal, and Richardson (2010) explored the

Survey of Future P. E. Teachers n Burak, Rosenthal, and Richardson (2010) explored the use of exercise as punishment or behavior management in a recent survey of 273 undergraduate physical education majors and 65 nonmajors, many of whom have multiple career goals including coaching (68. 8 %), teaching physical education (42. 4 %), or becoming a fitness professional (71. 1 %). The participants included 31 first-year students, 57 sophomores, 91 juniors, 138 seniors, and 21 post-baccalaureate students. Females made up 42. 5 percent and males made up 57. 5 percent of the participants. The majority of students (96%) reported being athletes, 68. 4 percent of them had participated in sports for more than 10 years. More than half of all the students reported that they would likely use exercise as punishment in their teaching, coaching, or fitness careers

Reasoning Behind the Survey n The survey instrument was developed according to theory-of-reasoned-action guidelines

Reasoning Behind the Survey n The survey instrument was developed according to theory-of-reasoned-action guidelines (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980) to determine the predictors of intentions to use exercise as punishment. According to theory, a person's beliefs determine his or her attitudes and norms, which in turn predict intentions and behaviors. Beliefs about the outcomes or consequences of behavior are, therefore, foundational in the development of attitudes and intentions.

Developing Survey n To develop the belief-based survey items, Burak et al. (2010) asked

Developing Survey n To develop the belief-based survey items, Burak et al. (2010) asked 10 individuals who were representative of the student population to identify what they believed to be the positive and negative outcomes of using exercise as punishment. The lists of outcomes were analyzed and compiled into a list of seven possible outcome beliefs: exercise as punishment

Possible Outcome beliefs n n 1. Improves Attitudes 2. Increases Injuries 3. Improves Fitness

Possible Outcome beliefs n n 1. Improves Attitudes 2. Increases Injuries 3. Improves Fitness Levels 4. Leads to Exercise Avoidance 5. 6. 7. Increases Mental Toughness Establishes the Authority of the Coach or Teaches Athletes or Students that there are Consequences to Their Actions

Student Reports n n n 91 percent reported that their coaches used exercise as

Student Reports n n n 91 percent reported that their coaches used exercise as punishment in sport 42. 7 percent reported that their physical education teachers used exercise as punishment in school. staff in 32. 3 percent of a representative sample of United States schools were allowed to use physical activity as punishment. Staff were actively discouraged from using exercise as punishment in only 8. 9 percent of schools staff were allowed to exclude students from physical education for bad behavior in 22. 6 percent of schools

Participants’ Beliefs n n Participants' outcome beliefs about using exercise as punishment were grouped

Participants’ Beliefs n n Participants' outcome beliefs about using exercise as punishment were grouped into three thematic categories: 1. Teaching and Leadership 2. Fitness Training 3. Mental Toughness and Attitude.

Suggested Alternatives to Using Exercise as Punishment n 1. Create a task-involved, student-centered environment.

Suggested Alternatives to Using Exercise as Punishment n 1. Create a task-involved, student-centered environment. n n 2. Adapt the FITT principle (Frequency, intensity, type, time) n n This takes away from off-task behavior Keeps students on task by keeping them active 3. Adapt the fitness plan in response to schedule and fatigue n Know common times in the year that students are under pressure from other classes

Suggested Alternatives Cont. n 4. Use positive, detailed, timely feedback to increase desired behaviors

Suggested Alternatives Cont. n 4. Use positive, detailed, timely feedback to increase desired behaviors n n Feedback can make the students work harder to obtain a goal they are given 5. Teach for social and personal responsibility, empower students with decision making n Students that make good decisions while working with each other instead of against each other will have better interactions and fewer disruptions

Suggested Alternatives Cont. n 6. Focus on the positives n n 7. Reflect on

Suggested Alternatives Cont. n 6. Focus on the positives n n 7. Reflect on coaching, class, and team performance. n n Who works well when all they hear about is the negatives? Reflecting on performance can help to understand how and what is and is not working. 8. Foster mutual respect between teacher & student and coach & athlete n People work better for someone who they respect. If there is no respect, then performance can hinder.

Teaching and Leadership

Teaching and Leadership

Student-Identified Outcome Beliefs Related to Teaching and Leadership n n 1. The use of

Student-Identified Outcome Beliefs Related to Teaching and Leadership n n 1. The use of exercise as punishment can teach students or athletes that there are consequences to their actions. 2. Using exercise as punishment can establish the authority of the coach or teacher over the students or athletes.

Problems n n n If exercise is used as punishment often in a classroom

Problems n n n If exercise is used as punishment often in a classroom the students know that if they participate in off-task behavior they will be forced into unwanted physical activity. Athletes who are punished with exercise do not gain insight for their next competition. Teachers who use these techniques to establish authority have a harder time gaining the students attention and respect.

Alternatives in Classroom n n Proximity Control Have the students help in the demonstration

Alternatives in Classroom n n Proximity Control Have the students help in the demonstration Deliver timely feedback to keep students on task. Acknowledge other students who are on task.

Alternatives in Coaching n n Take time after game to discuss the positives, and

Alternatives in Coaching n n Take time after game to discuss the positives, and negatives, to find where improvements can be made. Use the next practice to focus on the items such as skills, strategies, and tactics the team discussed instead of using it for punishment such as running sprints.

Alternatives to Establishing Authority n n Create a mutual respect with the students or

Alternatives to Establishing Authority n n Create a mutual respect with the students or athletes. When students have a positive attitude toward a teacher they are more likely to follow directions the first time and staying on-task.

Fitness Training

Fitness Training

Fitness-Related Outcome Beliefs n Exercise as punishment can n Improve fitness levels Discourage students

Fitness-Related Outcome Beliefs n Exercise as punishment can n Improve fitness levels Discourage students from exercise Cause injuries

Alternatives to Exercise as Punishment n n n Increasing fitness should be thoughtfully planned

Alternatives to Exercise as Punishment n n n Increasing fitness should be thoughtfully planned Can handle minor infractions, such as talking, by waiting to speak until all students are quiet Exercise as punishment can cause embarrassment and reduced class time

Mental Toughness and Attitude

Mental Toughness and Attitude

Teachers and Coaches n n n Develop climate in the classroom or on the

Teachers and Coaches n n n Develop climate in the classroom or on the field that affect student attitudes Feedback, rewards, and punishment contribute to the motivational climate Using exercise as punishment can lead to negative feelings about exercise

Affect on Students n Exercise as punishment can: n n n Increase mental toughness

Affect on Students n Exercise as punishment can: n n n Increase mental toughness Improve attitudes Can decrease mental toughness and attitudes as well

Increasing Mental Toughness n n Help students develop positive attitudes Create task-involving climates that

Increasing Mental Toughness n n Help students develop positive attitudes Create task-involving climates that include positive instructional feedback These tasks can increase intrinsic motivation and self-esteem Leads to positive attitudes towards exercise

Alternatives to Exercise as Punishment n n n Proximity control Positive feedback (increase motivation)

Alternatives to Exercise as Punishment n n n Proximity control Positive feedback (increase motivation) Task-involvement can decrease off task behavior

Preparing to be Teachers n n Need to learn that exercise as punishment can

Preparing to be Teachers n n Need to learn that exercise as punishment can cause opportunities for the development skills, strategies, and fitness may be lost Can help students through: n n Self-reflection of their beliefs and values Exploration of alternate ways to achieve important outcomes of physical education