Alternative Refrigerants Updated by Yap Boon Thiam Technical

< Alternative Refrigerants> Updated by: Yap Boon Thiam Technical Engineer Email: yapbt@oyl. com. my Date: 15/5/2012 Page 1

Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Page 2 Ozone Layers Ozone Depletion List of Refrigerants Montreal Protocol Kyoto Protocol R 22 Alternatives

OZONE LAYER • Ozone (O 3 ) is a gas composed of three oxygen atoms. • 90% of the ozone is found in the upper atmosphere, 10 -50 km above earth surface (stratosphere). • The ozone layer absorbs most of the harmful ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation from the sun. • CFCs and HCFCs link to ozone layer depletion. • If the ozone layer depletes, more harmful UV-B radiation will reach the earth through the damaged ozone layer. • Ecological damages and health risk. Page 3

OZONE LAYER Source: http: //www. theozonehole. com/atmosphere. htm Page 4

OZONE DEPLETION Causes: Source: http: //chemistry. tutorvista. com/biochemistry/causes-of-ozone-depletion. html Page 5

OZONE DEPLETION • In 1985, British scientists discovered a large thinning in the ozone layer over the Antarctic continent. • In September 1998, the Antarctic ozone hole reached a record size of 25 million km 2 , or two and half times the size of Europe. Source: American Chemical Society [August 29, 2011] • UV-B levels are now about 7% higher than thirty years ago. (1970 s) • UV-B radiation has increased dramatically nearer the poles, 22% higher in the Arctic and 130% higher in the Antarctic relative to values in the 1970 s. Page 6

OZONE DEPLETION OZONE “HOLE” Source: http: //chemistry. tutorvista. com/biochemistry/causes-of-ozone-depletion. html Page 7

LIST OF REFRIGERANT Type ASHRAE No. Chemical Name Molecular Formula ODP GWP CFC R-12 Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl 2 F 2 1. 0 2, 400 HCFC R-22 Chlorofdiluoromethane CHCl. F 2 0. 05 1, 700 HFC R-32 Difluoromethane CH 2 F 2 0 650 R-134 a Tetrafluoroethane C 2 H 2 F 4 0 1, 300 R-407 C R 32+R 125+R 134 a (23%+25%+52%) 23% CH 2 F 2 25 % C 2 HF 5 52% C 2 H 2 F 4 0 1, 610 R-410 A R 32 + R 125 (50% + 50%) 50% CH 2 F 2 0 1, 725 R-717 Ammonia NH 3 0 0 R-744 Carbon Dioxide CO 2 0 1 Refrigerant Azeotropic Mixtures Natural Refrigerant Source: www. ashrae. org/technology/page/1933 Page 8

LIST OF REFRIGERANT OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL (ODP) GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP) 0. 06 0. 5 0. 05 0. 4 0. 04 0. 3 0. 03 0. 2 0. 02 0. 1 0. 01 0 0 R 22 R 134 a R 407 c R 410 a R 717 R 134 a 1500 1000 500 0 R 22 Page 9 R 410 a R 717 Based on R 12 GWP= 1 Based on R 12 ODP= 1 TOTAL EQUIVALENT WARMING IMPACT (TEWI) R 407 c R 134 a R 407 c R 410 a R 717

REFRIGERANT TRANSITION Page 10

MONTREAL PROTOCOL 1. Developed under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1987. 2. Objective is to protect the Ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous Ozone depletion substances. 3. Requirement to phase out CFCs in year 1996 and HCFCs in year 2030. 4. In Malaysia, CFCs total phase out in year 2010. HCFCs total phase out in year 2040. Page 11

MONTREAL PROTOCOL Page 12

KYOTO PROTOCOL World Top Ten GHGs Emitters (2010) Source: BP, Statistical Review of World Energy (London: June 2011) Page 13

R 22 ALTERNATIVES To phase out R 22, alternatives to R 22 should be chosen carefully though overall evaluations: 1. 2. 3. 4. Energy efficiency Total emission Safety Economic aspects There are several candidates: 1. HFC 32 : Intermediate GWP and efficient 2. Propane(R 290): Natural and efficiency but highly flammable 3. CO 2: Natural but poor in efficiency 4. HFC 410 A: High GWP but applications are widely commercialized In comprehensive points of view, R 32 is recommended as best alternative to new split air conditioners. Page 14