ALTERNATIVE PARADIGM OF DEVELOPMENT Topic 10 Course Instructor

ALTERNATIVE PARADIGM OF DEVELOPMENT Topic 10 Course Instructor: Ms. Zowaina Azhar

Introduction � � � Goran Hedebro China, Tanzania & Cuba Characteristics � Mode of communication: horizontal � Media: interpersonal � Theory: Two-step Flow theory � Sector: goods and services as social utility

Historical Perspective 1. Environmental Pollution � Capital-intensive � Industrial � Pollution growth technology

Continued… 2. World Oil Crisis � Played role in international arena � Causes of poverty are not internal as hypothesized by the developed nations

Continued… 3. Relationship with China � 1960 s and 1970 s � One of the poorest countries decades back � Modernization as a role model

Continued… 4. Realization of the Third World � Discouragement and realization of the 3 rd world � Developing countries failed which followed the dominant paradigm

Common Features of the Alternative Paradigm 1. Self-reliance � The use of locally available raw material, simple production process and use of indigenous know-how accumulated over the years � Characteristics by Goran Hedebro (1982): Surplus work power Existing Knowledge Job opportunities in rural areas Commodities adapted to fill the local needs Idea of cooperation

Continued… 2. Equality in Distribution � Equal distribution of information, socioeconomic benefit � Reduce gap between haves and haves not � DP: financially strong position-domination over poor � AP: equality in flow of information-media consumed by every segment

Continued… 3. Integration of Traditional and Modern System � AP: both systems were taken together � DP: Only modern system was encouraged

Continued… 4. Popular Participation � AP: participation of people in planning and execution � DP: little attention to participate in decisionmaking process

Thank You!