ALTERNATIVE FUELS INTRODUCTION ALTERNATIVE FUELS Biofuels Biodiesel Bioethanol

ALTERNATIVE FUELS • INTRODUCTION • ALTERNATIVE FUELS Biofuels (Biodiesel, Bioethanol, Biogas) Natural Gas Hybrid Electric Vehicles • ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS • SHOW CASES

INTRODUCTION ● In the EU, transport is responsible for an estimated 21% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Fossil oil is the main energy source with a 98% contribution to all transport fuels. Drivers can greatly reduce these impacts: ● ● – – ● choosing cleaner vehicles driving more efficiently In most cases these measures will lead to: – – financial savings environmental benefits More information

WHAT ARE BIOFUELS? Biofuels (Biodiesel, Bioethanol, Biogas ) Biofuels: fuels from a variety of sources of biomass: ● – – – ● plant materials certain types of crops recycled or waste vegetable oils Biodiesel/bioethanol: – – They can replace conventional diesel/petrol entirely respectively They can be blended with diesel/petrol in different proportions: • • • ● Engines require no modification to use 5% blends For biodiesel, blends up to 20 -30% are possible, but it invalidates many manufacturers’ warranties Bioethanol can be used as: – E 85 (85% ethanol, 15% petrol) in Flexible Fuel Vehicles – Additive ETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether) up to 15% Sunfuel/Synfuel: – Gas to liquid fuels: from gasified biomass or biogas via Fischer Tropsch Synthesis.

WHY PROMOTE BIOFUELS? ● Transport biofuels have risen to prominence in recent years. The main reasons for promoting biofuels are: – To contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; – To contribute to the security of energy supply; – To promote a greater use of renewable energy; – To diversify agricultural economies into new markets. To promote the used of biofuels, many member states are relying on fuel tax exemptions.

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT BIOFUELS SUGRE Clarifying Misconceptions ● ● ● What may FAME be made of in Europe? – Animal fat – Used cooking oil – Sunflower – Cotton The only wrong answer is Cotton. There a wide variety of feedstocks that can be used to produce biodiesel. Since the type of feedstock heavily influences the fuel characteristics, differences in quality and emissions are common.

BIOFUELS: BIODIESEL, BIOETHANOL Internal Analysis Strengths low price/tax exemptions domestic resources low cost or adapting refuelling stations blending options Weaknesse s limited offer of OEM vehicles scarcity of refuelling stations

BIOFUELS: BIODIESEL, BIOETHANOL External Analysis Opportuniti es global/local global warming concerns long term increase of petroleum prices Challenges availability of OEM products stable regulatory and fiscal environment broad public marketing

IS NATURAL GAS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL? Natural Gas as an alternative fuel: clean burning qualities of the product. It has to be stored in a compressed state (CNG) or in a liquefied state (LNG): ● ● – – ● Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). Methane is theare major partbut offuel Natural Gas. Filling stations expensive, costs are low. For fleet owners with a large share of “home based” vehicles it is feasible to purchase an own filling point, and for smaller fleets there might be possibilities in joint purchase and joint use of a filling point, or to use one from a nearby fleet.

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT NATURAL GAS SUGRE Clarifying Misconceptions ● ● ● Is Natural Gas lighter than air at ambient conditions? – Yes, always – Only in warm climates – No, never The right answer is yes. This means that natural gas would not accumulate on the floor level in case of leakage, which is important when we use natural gas vehicles in underground zones.

METHANE: NATURAL GAS, BIOGAS Internal Analysis Strengths low price/tax exceptions low emissions domestic resources (in some countries) may be blended into the CNG network Weaknesse s high cost of filling (refuelling) stations limited offer of OEM vehicles (in some segments) scarcity of refuelling stations higher initial cost of vehicles (partly)

METHANE: NATURAL GAS, BIOGAS External Analysis Opportuniti es global/local environmental concerns global/local global warming concerns (for biogas) long term increase of petroleum prices Challenges availability of OEM products stable regulatory and fiscal environment broad public marketing technical development of competing diesel engines (emissions)

WHAT ARE HEVs? ● ● Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) Hybrid car: battery engine and internal combustion engine. Hybrids are sold at a premium compared to their non-hybrid equivalents but can bring large fuel savings in start and stop operation (city traffic). In most EU countries hybrids qualify for purchase grants and/or Significant potential to reduced taxes. emissions for start and stop traffic. For high mileage users they can make sense in economic terms. Advantages in terms of access to inner cities.

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT HEVs SUGRE Clarifying Misconceptions ● ● ● Does a serial hybrid vehicle need a gearbox? – Yes, always – No, optional – With in wheel motors only The right answer is no. Caused by the high torque of electric motors, hybrid electric vehicles are easy to drive in urban environments and off-road.

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES Internal Analysis Strengths fuel savings in stop and go traffic conversion path exists from existing ICE concepts (micro hybrids) same refuelling infrastructure (except for plug in hybrids) Weaknesse s limited offer of OEM vehicles (in some segments) high initial cost of vehicles

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES External Analysis Opportuniti es global/local environmental concerns global/local global warming concerns long term increase of petroleum prices Challenges availability of OEM products (especially for city cars) stable regulatory and fiscal environment (zero emission zones favour plug in hybrids) technical development of ICE (efficiency)

ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS ● More than 50 % of the conventional fleet owners will purchase alternative propulsion vehicles. ● Measures regarding the following aspects are ranged by fleet operators as very positive and important: Socio-ecological aspects Financial and policy aspects Company image General advantages for the ecology Curiosity towards new technology Support through local networks Competitive advantages National legislation and policy Local legislation and policy

SHOW CASES Alternative fuel use in the Municipal Transport Company (EMT) of Madrid (Spain) – Use of biofuel • – 209 vehicles use biodiesel obtained from rapeseed and sunflower and 5 use bioethanol www. emtmadrid. es Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) • – 202 CNG vehicles and 62 refuelling posts Hybrid systems (diesel – electric) • – 20 buses Use of Fuel cells • H 2 Refuelling station able to fill the tank of the bus in 15 minutes and 350 bar pressure More information

HOW SUGRE MIGHT HELP YOU? ● Offering Site Visits Twice a Year with Workshop – www. greenfleet. info ● Holding Training Workshops – in certain cities, presenting strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for alternative fuels and alternative propulsion – going beyond biodiesel including PPO/SVO pure plant oil, E 95 ethanol in diesel electric, hybrid electric, battery electric. . ● Training Materials Download – at www. greenfleet. info