ALTERNATIVE ENERGY The worlds largest solar facility in

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY The world's largest solar facility in California consists of a 150 -megawatt concentrating solar power system that uses parabolic trough collectors. www. nrel. gov/solar_radiation/solar_photos. html Fred Loxsom Eastern Connecticut State University

Alternative, Renewable, Sustainable Two Examples: Photovoltaic Wind

PHOTOVOTAIC POWER PV House (5/1/09) http: //www. enviko. com/html/pv. html

Grid-Connected Systems PV System (5/1/09) http: //www. energyeducation. tx. gov/renewables/section_3/topics/photovoltaic_cells/f. html

Solar maps for Flat plate collectors

Grid-Connected Residential PV (5/509) http: //www. renewableenergyworld. com/assets/images/events/2161 -residential-pv-installation-training. jpg

Grid-Connected Commercial PV Solar Array (5/5/09) http: //www. sjcrespect. com/meetings. html

PV Module Solar Module (5/5/09) http: //www. solarhome. org/solarworldsw 165 -monosunmodulepvmodule. aspx

PV Cells PV cell (5/5/09) http: //www. homesolarpvpanels. com/solar-pv-cells. php

Polycrystalline Cell (5/5/09) http: //www. solar-energy-at-home. com/solar-cell. html

Thin Film Cell Thin Film PV Cell (5/5/09) http: //www 1. eere. energy. gov/tribalenergy/guide/pv_materials. html

Power Capacity or Peak Power Rating Amersfoort, Netherlands, Pv (5/13/09) http: //www. sunenergysite. eu/en/top 5 pv. php

Efficiency and Area Solar Power (5/12/09) http: //www. nrel. gov/ NREL PIX number 04577 Array Area (m 2) = Capacity (k. W)/ Efficiency

Capacity Factor Berrego Solar (5/12/09) http: //www. sfgate. com/cgi-bin/object/article? f=/g/a/2006/01/25/gree. DTL&o=1 Capacity Factor = 20%

System Price http: //www. sfgate. com/cgi-bin/object/article? f=/g/a/2006/01/25/gree. DTL&o=1 Price = $9/W of capacity

US Electric Power Capacity (GW) US 1000 PV 2. 2 Growth Rate 52% Rural Solar (5/13/09) http: //design. walkerart. org/detail. wac? id=4376&title=&style=images

Future for PV 200 GW by 2030 Electric Energy = 0. 20 x 200 GW x 24 h x 365 = 350 billion k. Wh Carbon Reduction = 0. 25 Mt. C/billion k. Wh x 350 billion k. Wh = 88 Mt. C (US total is 1600 Mt. C) Sunset (5/12/09) http: //scienceblogs. com/startswithabang/upload/2009/04/pining_for_the_sun/sunset. jpg

Wind Power UK's first wind farm in the Irish Sea which will supply 50, 000 homes with power http: //www. greenpeace. org/international/photosvideos/photos/the-uk-s-first-windfarm-in-th-3

Wind Resources http: //attra. ncat. org/images/renewables/wind. Resource. Map 2. jpg,

CT Wind Resources http: //www. windpoweringamerica. gov/maps_template. asp? stateab=ct, Retreived on 2/11/2009

Massachusetts Wind Resources http: //www. windpoweringamerica. gov/maps_template. asp? stateab=ma, Retrieved on 2/11/2009

Wyoming Wind Resources http: //www. windpoweringamerica. gov/maps_template. asp? stateab=ma, Retrieved on 2/11/2009

Wind Power Classes http: //www. nrel. gov/wind/facilities_site_tour. html? print, retrieved on 3/5/2009

Wind Speed Distribution www. windatlas. ca/en/faq. php

Seasonal Wind Speed California’s seasonal wind speed chart http: //www. tlws. ca/images/wind_speed. gif

Wind Turbine Components http: //www. energyquest. ca. gov/story/chapter 16. html

Steam Turbine

Wind Turbine Efficiency http: //www. windturbine-analysis. netfirms. com/index-intro. htm

Savonius Wind Turbine Helical 3 k. W wind generator , manufactured by the Solener Corp. (permission given 3/10/2009) http: //www. solener. com/index_e. html

Dutch Windmill Photography by R. Dumoulin http: //www. richarddumoulin. com/

American Multi-blade Windmill Bullseye. Microcaps. com http: //www. bullseyemicrocaps. com/profiles/dksc/index. php

Darrieus Wind Turbine Darrieus rotor http: //www. windturbine-analysis. netfirms. com/index-intro. htm Windspire vertical-axis wind turbine (Credit: Mariah Power) http: //news. cnet. com/8301 -11128_3 -9956965 -54. html? tag=mncol; txt

Three-Blade HAWT Coal Clough wind farm, Cumbria http: //www. greenpeace. org. uk/media/press-releases/leading-green-groupssupport-lake-district-wind-farm

Example: Searsburg Wind Facility v 11 Turbines at 0. 55 MW each Green Mountain Power - Searsburg Wind Facility http: //www. gmpvt. com/windmil 2. htm

Example: Desert Sky – West Texas http: //www. gepower. com/prod_serv/products/wind_turbines/en/downloads/ wind_service. pdf 107 Turbines at 1. 5 MW each

Wind Turbine Components Workers Blade 112’ long Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections

GE 3. 6 MW Turbine GE's 3. 6 -megawatt wind turbine http: //apps 1. eere. energy. gov/news_detail. cfm/news_id=9823

GE 3. 6 MW Turbine Power Curve Annual average wind speed at hub height. http: //www. gepower. com/prod_serv/products/wind _turbines/en/36 mw_data. htm

GE 3. 6 MW Turbine Annual Energy Annual average wind speed at hub height. http: //www. gepower. com/prod_serv/products/wind _turbines/en/36 mw_data. htm

Capacity Factor = 40%

Example: Cape Wind Project v v 130 turbines 3. 6 MW each http: //www. eia. doe. gov/kids/classactivities/energyarticles. html

Environmental Issue – Visual Pollution p p Visual pollution Bird and bat migration A computer illustration of the proposed Cape Wind turbine farm off the shores of Cape Cod. (Photo: Cape. Wind. org) http: //greeninc. blogs. nytimes. com/2009/01/16/cape-wind-projectclears-key-hurdle/

Environmental Issue – Bird Mortalities

Economics - PTC http: //www. cornwall. gov. uk/index. cfm? articleid=4242

Competitive with Coal Wind turbines; China Posted by Martin Lloyd at 10: 33 AM February 18, 2009 weblog. greenpeace. org/. . . /archives/climate/

Transmission

Electric Power Capacity US 1000 GW Renewable 115 GW (11%) Wind 25 GW (2. 5%%) Wind Growth Rate 32% per year Sherman county wind farm, Oregon http: //www. orsolutions. org/central/windfarm. htm

Future for Wind 250 GW by 2030 Electric Energy = 0. 40 x 250 GW x 24 h x 365 = 880 billion k. Wh Carbon Reduction = 0. 25 Mt. C/billion k. Wh x 880 billion k. Wh = 220 Mt. C (US total is 1600 Mt. C) Sunset (5/12/09) http: //scienceblogs. com/startswithabang/upload/2009/04/pining_for_the_sun/sunset. jpg

Conclusion Barriers for Utility Wind • Transmission Infrastructure • Variability • Public Acceptance Barriers for Rooftop PV • Cost • Grid-Integration Sunset (5/12/09) http: //scienceblogs. com/startswithabang/upload/2009/04/pining_for_the_sun/sunset. jpg